Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Apr 19;22(1):62.
doi: 10.1186/s12894-022-01017-4.

Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Kai Wang #  1 , Jing Ge #  1 , Wenlong Han #  1 , Dong Wang #  1 , Yinjuan Zhao  2 , Yanhao Shen  1 , Jiexun Chen  1 , Dongming Chen  1 , Jing Wu  3 , Ning Shen  4 , Shuai Zhu  5 , Bin Xue  6 , Xianlin Xu  7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Kai Wang et al. BMC Urol. .

Abstract

Background: Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common illness that causes an economic burden globally. It is easy for patients to relapse once they have suffered from this disease. The reported recurrence rate of KSD ranged from 6.1% to 66.9%. We performed this meta-analysis to identify various potential risk factors for the recurrence of KSD.

Methods: The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched using suitable keywords from inception to Mar 2022. A total of 2,663 records were collected initially. After screening the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 53 articles (40 retrospective studies; 13 prospective studies) including 488,130 patients were enrolled. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (No. CRD42020171771).

Results: The pooled results indicated that 12 risk factors including younger age (n = 18), higher BMI (n = 16), family history of kidney stones (n = 12), personal history of kidney stones (n = 11), hypertension (n = 5), uric acid stone (n = 4), race of Caucasian (n = 3), suspected kidney stone episode before the first confirmed stone episode (n = 3), surgery (n = 3), any concurrent asymptomatic (nonobstructing) stone (n = 2), pelvic or lower pole kidney stone (n = 2), and 24 h urine test completion (n = 2) were identified to be associated with KSD recurrence. In the subgroup analysis, patients with higher BMI (OR = 1.062), personal history of nephrolithiasis (OR = 1.402), or surgery (OR = 3.178) had a higher risk of radiographic KSD recurrence.

Conclusions: We identified 12 risk factors related to the recurrence of KSD. The results of this analysis could serve to construct recurrence prediction models. It could also supply a basis for preventing the recurrence of KSD.

Keywords: Kidney stone disease; Meta-analysis; Recurrence; Risk factor.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest concerning this article.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of the study selection process
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plots of risk factors only reported in one study for KSD relapse respectively
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Rukin NJ, Siddiqui ZA, Chedgy ECP, Somani BK. Trends in upper tract stone disease in England: evidence from the hospital episodes statistics database. Urol Int. 2017;98(4):391–396. doi: 10.1159/000449510. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chewcharat A, Curhan G. Trends in the prevalence of kidney stones in the United States from 2007 to 2016. Urolithiasis. 2021;49(1):27–39. doi: 10.1007/s00240-020-01210-w. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Turk C, Neisius A, Petřík A, Seitz C, Skolarikos A, Thomas K. EAU guidelines on urolithiasis 2020. Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Amsterdam 2020. The European Association of Urology Guidelines Office Place published: Arnhem, The Netherlands. https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis2020.
    1. Uribarri J, Oh MS, Carroll HJ. The first kidney stone. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111(12):1006–1009. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-12-1006. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012;62(1):160–165. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources