Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Mar 16;14(3):e23212.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.23212. eCollection 2022 Mar.

The Emergence of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Culture Sensitivities of Post-surgical Patients in Lahore General Hospital, Lahore

Tauseef Fatima  1 , Zain Ul A Askri  2 , M Hasaan Shahid  3 , Anwar Z Khan  1 , Suleman Asif  1 , Ahsan R Ghumman  1 , Muhammad Farooq Afzal  2
Affiliations

The Emergence of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Culture Sensitivities of Post-surgical Patients in Lahore General Hospital, Lahore

Tauseef Fatima et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Objective The purpose of this study is to isolate the organisms which are developing resistance and to recognize the drugs against which resistance has emerged so that antibiotic policy can be formulated for the proper and effective use of antibiotics. Setting and design An observational study was conducted for a period of six months from July 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021 in LGH. Methods Statistics regarding the culture and sensitivity of the organisms isolated from different sources were collected from the surgery department. 195 cultural and sensitivity reports were analyzed for identification of genus/species of bacteria and sensitivity of the organism. Results Out of 195 culture reports, 124 showed significant growth of organisms exhibiting resistance to either single or multiple drugs. Escherichia and acinobactor was the most common organism isolated with a total of 30 each (24%, 24%), followed by pseudomonas 21 (17%), Klebsiella was 13 (10%), Proteus was 10 (8%), Methicillin-resistance Staph-aureus was seven (5%), Methicillin-sensitive Staph-aureus was five (4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis was four (3%), Providencia, Streptococci, Enterobacter species and Citrobacter species were one (1%). Maximum resistance was detected with frequently used first-line antimicrobials such as Ceftriaxone, ampicillin and Clavulanic acid. Least resistant were Azithromycin, Cefoxitin, Cefaclor among the gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was more against frequently used antibiotics that are accessible for an extended duration. Variation of resistance and sensitivity pattern with time is identified. Periodic AMR monitoring and rotation of antibiotics are suggested to restrict further emergence of resistance.

Keywords: antibiotics; antimicrobial resistance; culture and sensitivity; observational study; surgical site infection.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Types of samples collected from patients
Figure 2
Figure 2. Distribution of organisms among various samples
Figure 3
Figure 3. Drugs having resistance in samples
Figure 4
Figure 4. Drugs having resistance/sensitivity in collected samples
Figure 5
Figure 5. Drug having resistance/sensitivity
Figure 6
Figure 6. Bacteriogram showing resistance against drugs
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Out-of-pocket health expenditures and antimicrobial resistance in low-income and middle-income countries: an economic analysis. Alsan M, Schoemaker L, Eggleston K, Kammili N, Kolli P, Bhattacharya J. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:1203–1210. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci co-colonization. Furuno JP, Perencevich EN, Johnson JA, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1539–1544. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vancomycin-resistance transferability from VanA enterococci to Staphylococcus aureus. de Niederhäusern S, Bondi M, Messi P, Iseppi R, Sabia C, Manicardi G, Anacarso I. Curr Microbiol. 2011;62:1363–1367. - PubMed
    1. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--Pennsylvania. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12418544/ MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:902. - PubMed
    1. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002-2006. Sievert DM, Rudrik JT, Patel JB, McDonald LC, Wilkins MJ, Hageman JC. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:668–674. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources