Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Apr 3;9(4):153.
doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9040153.

COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Review of Rapid Antigen, RT-PCR and Artificial Intelligence Methods

Raphael Taiwo Aruleba  1 , Tayo Alex Adekiya  2 , Nimibofa Ayawei  3 , George Obaido  4 , Kehinde Aruleba  5 , Ibomoiye Domor Mienye  6 , Idowu Aruleba  6 , Blessing Ogbuokiri  7
Affiliations
Review

COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Review of Rapid Antigen, RT-PCR and Artificial Intelligence Methods

Raphael Taiwo Aruleba et al. Bioengineering (Basel). .

Abstract

As of 27 December 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 278 million persons and caused 5.3 million deaths. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, different methods, from medical to artificial intelligence, have been used for its detection, diagnosis, and surveillance. Meanwhile, fast and efficient point-of-care (POC) testing and self-testing kits have become necessary in the fight against COVID-19 and to assist healthcare personnel and governments curb the spread of the virus. This paper presents a review of the various types of COVID-19 detection methods, diagnostic technologies, and surveillance approaches that have been used or proposed. The review provided in this article should be beneficial to researchers in this field and health policymakers at large.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; artificial intelligence; deep learning; machine learning; molecular diagnosis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The diagram depicts four pipeline for diagnostics technologies development. In most cases, stages 1 and 2 are designed and achieved by researchers while stages 3 and 4 typically involve commercial transfer to companies.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Deep learning model for COVID-19 detection [78].
Figure 3
Figure 3
A pipeline of drug discovery and development [125].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Digital tools for pandemic preparedness and response [139].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Worldometer COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic Weekly Coronavirus Cases. [(accessed on 27 December 2021)]. Available online: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
    1. Sheridan C. Coronavirus and the race to distribute reliable diagnostics. Nat. Biotechnol. 2020;38:382–384. doi: 10.1038/d41587-020-00002-2. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Corman V., Bleicker T., Brünink S., Drosten C., Landt O., Koopmans M., Zambon M., Peiris M. Diagnostic Detection of Wuhan Coronavirus 2019 by Real-Time RT-PCR. Volume 13 World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2020.
    1. Xie X., Zhong Z., Zhao W., Zheng C., Wang F., Liu J. Chest CT for typical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: Relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology. 2020;296:E41–E45. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200343. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. WHO . Laboratory Testing for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Suspected Human Cases: Interim Guidance, 19 March 2020. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2020. Technical Report.