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Review
. 2022 Apr 6;14(4):759.
doi: 10.3390/v14040759.

Replicating Viral Vector-Based Vaccines for COVID-19: Potential Avenue in Vaccination Arena

Vivek P Chavda  1   2 , Rajashri Bezbaruah  3 , Mansi Athalye  1 , Palak K Parikh  4 , Abu Sufiyan Chhipa  5 , Snehal Patel  5 , Vasso Apostolopoulos  6
Affiliations
Review

Replicating Viral Vector-Based Vaccines for COVID-19: Potential Avenue in Vaccination Arena

Vivek P Chavda et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

The "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)" is the third member of human coronavirus (CoV) that is held accountable for the current "coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)" pandemic. In the past two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of two other similar CoVs, namely SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2013. The extent of spread of these earlier versions was relatively low in comparison to SARS-CoV-2. Despite having numerous reports inclined towards the zoonotic origin of the virus, one cannot simply sideline the fact that no animal originated CoV is thus far identified that is considered similar to the initial edition of SARS-CoV-2; however, under-sampling of the diverse variety of coronaviruses remains a concern. Vaccines are proved to be an effective tool for bringing the end to such a devastating pandemic. Many vaccine platforms are explored for the same but in this review paper, we will discuss the potential of replicating viral vectors as vaccine carriers for SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; replicating viral vector; vaccine; vaccine efficacy; viral vector-based vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest concerning the authorship and publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathway diagram for pathogen spill-over to humans from animals describes three distinct processes. (1) Zoonoses: pathogens that are transmitted from an animal reservoir directly or indirectly (e.g., foodborne, vector-borne, etc.) to humans, causing disease; (2) Emerging infectious diseases: pathogens that cause an emergent infectious disease in humans and persist in human populations irrespective of an animal reservoir. Genetic origins may show links to non-human animals, but these diseases undergo a more complex process of evolution not necessarily dependent on a specific animal reservoir, and usually evolve to be independent of animals; (3) Zooanthroponosis: reverse zoonosis whereby humans transmit infection to animals. (Reproduced from [33] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the outbreak of COVID-19. (Reproduced from [59] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Various pathways of antigen presentation of viral vectored vaccine after intramuscular vaccination. (Adapted from Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY from [94].).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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