A holistic approach to the air quality of Konya City, Turkey

Abstract

Considering an integrated approach to assess all of the measured pollutants in a diurnal, monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales and understanding the mechanisms hidden under low air quality conditions are essential for tackling potential air pollution issues. Konya, located in central Anatolia, is the largest province of Turkey with a surface area of 40,838 km² and has different industrial activities. The lack of recent detailed studies limits our information on the underlying air pollution levels in Konya and obscuring policymakers to develop applicable mitigation measures. In this study, we used hourly monitored air quality data of CO, NO₂, NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and SO₂ from five stations in Konya and investigated the temporal and spatial variabilities for the 2008-2018 period via statistical analysis. Upon analysis, particulate matter was found to be the dominant pollutant deteriorating the air quality of Konya. The highest 2008-2018 periodic mean value of PM₁₀ was found in Karatay Belediye as 70.5 µg/m³, followed by 67.4 µg/m³ in Meram, 58.7 µg/m³ in Selçuklu, and 43.7 µg/m³ in Selçuklu Belediye. The 24-h limit value of PM₁₀ given as 50 µg/m³ in the legislation was violated in all of the stations, mainly during winter and autumn. High positive correlations were found among the stations, and the highest correlation was obtained between Selçuklu Belediye and Karatay Belediye with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.77. Long-term data showed a decreasing trend in PM₁₀ concentrations. Diurnal variability is found to be more pronounced than weekly variability. For almost all of the pollutants, except for photochemical pollutants like O₃, a prominent result was the nighttime and morning rush hours high-pollutant levels. A case study done for the January 29, 2018 to February 05, 2018 episode showed the importance of meteorology and topography on the high levels of pollution. Limitation of the pollutant transport and dilution by meteorological conditions and the location of Konya on a plain surrounded by high hills are believed to be the main reasons for having low air quality in the region.

Keywords: Air pollution meteorology; Emission sources; Integrated air quality assessment; Konya City.

Fig. 1

a Location of Konya in Turkey. b Konya geographical location and topography. c Settlement map with air quality monitoring stations (AQMS). d Population variability in the 1927–2012 period.

Fig. 2

Hourly PM₁₀ statistics in Konya

Fig. 3

PM₁₀ variabilities during the seasons. Daily variability in a week (top) and hourly variability in a day (bottom)

Fig. 4

Hourly PM₁₀ pairs plots

Fig. 5

Trends of PM₁₀ during the measurement period

Fig. 6

Hourly NO_x statistics in Konya

Fig. 7

Hourly NO_x variability during daytime and daily NO_x variability during the week belonging to each season

Fig. 8

Trends of NO_x during the measurement period

Fig. 9

Hourly O₃ statistics in Konya

Fig. 10

O₃ variabilities during the seasons. Daily variability in a week (top) and hourly variability in a day (bottom)

Fig. 11

Trends of O₃ during the measurement period

Fig. 12

a PM₁₀ variability during January 29, 2018–February 05, 2018 episode. b Surface SLP and geopotential height at 500 mb level, credit: wetterzentrale.de. c Daily average temperature and wind speed. d Skew-T diagram obtained from radiosonde at Ankara, credit: University of Wyoming.

Fig. 13

24-h HYSPLIT backward trajectories ending at 00:00 UTC Jan 30, 2018 for three heights: 10, 50, 80 m. a Trajectories on coordinate gridlines. b Trajectories shown on Konya and c Trajectories shown on Turkey.