A Revolutionary Blueprint for Mitigation of Hypertension via Nanoemulsion

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the most important causes of mortality, affecting the health status of the patient. At the same time, hypertension causes a huge health and economic burden on the whole world. The incidence and prevalence of hypertension are rising even among young people in both urban as well as rural communities. Although various conventional therapeutic moieties are available for the management of hypertension, they have serious flaws such as hepatic metabolism, reduced dose frequency, poor aqueous solubility, reduced bioavailability, and increased adverse effects, making the drug therapy ineffective. Therefore, it is required to design a novel drug delivery system having the capability to solve the constraints associated with conventional treatment of hypertension. Nanotechnology is a new way of using and manipulating the matter at the molecular level, whose functional organization is measured in nanometers. The applications of nanotechnology in the field of medicine provide an alternative and novel direction for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and show excellent performance in the field of targeted drug therapy. Various nanotechnologies based drug delivery systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanosuspension, nanoemulsion, liposome, self-emulsifying systems, and polymeric nanoparticles, are available. Among them, nanoemulsion has provided a niche to supplement currently available therapeutic choices due to numerous benefits like stability, ease of preparation, enhanced drug absorption, reduced hepatic metabolism, increased dose frequency, enhanced bioavailability, and encapsulation of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic drugs. This present review provides an in-depth idea about progression in treatment of hypertension, constraints for antihypertensive drug therapy, need of nanoemulsions to overcome these constraints, comparative analysis of nanoemulsions over other nanostructure drug delivery systems, pharmacodynamics studies of nanoemulsions for treatment of hypertension, recent patents for drug-loaded nanoemulsions meant for hypertension, and marketed formulations of nanoemulsions for hypertension.

Figure 1

(a) Normal blood flow through a blood vessel and (b) obstruction in blood flow through a blood vessel leading to hypertension.

Figure 2

A schematic representation of various processes involved in increasing blood pressure.

Figure 3

Novel targets for antihypertensive drugs.

Figure 4

Various advantages of nanoemulsion as a drug delivery system.

Figure 5

(a) Encapsulation of lipophilic drug in oil-in-water nanoemulsion and (b) encapsulation of hydrophilic drug in water-in-oil nanoemulsion.

Figure 6

An understanding of the steps that occur within GIT that leads to the absorption of nanoemulsion. (a) The immediate absorption of the drug through lipid solubilization and partitioning processes dictates the lymphatic entrance. (b) Droplets could use paracellular or transcellular channels, M-cells, or mucosal entanglement for the uptake process of the drug. (c) Droplets may be converted into apolipoproteins and directed towards lymphatic drainage once within the absorptive cell.

Figure 7

Pie chart depicted the segment of various novel drug delivery systems for delivering antihypertensive drugs.