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. 2022 Apr 7:9:786022.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.786022. eCollection 2022.

Infant Distress in a Food Delay Task Changes With Development and Predicts Amount Consumed

Sara F Stein  1   2 , Hurley O Riley  1 , Niko Kaciroti  3 , Katherine L Rosenblum  4 , Julie M Sturza  5 , Ashley N Gearhardt  6 , Andrew C Grogan-Kaylor  2 , Julie C Lumeng  5 , Alison L Miller  1
Affiliations

Infant Distress in a Food Delay Task Changes With Development and Predicts Amount Consumed

Sara F Stein et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Objective: Eating behavior regulation emerges during early development and involves general self-regulation (emotional, behavioral), appetite regulation (homeostatic metabolic need) and appetite self-regulation (including both Bottom-Up Food Approach and Bottom-Up Food Avoidance and top-down purposeful self-control of eating). Limited research has investigated developmental trajectories of the regulation of eating behavior before the preschool years. The current study used a novel food delay task to assess infant distress as an early emerging marker of eating behavior regulation constructs across early infancy and examine associations with amount of milk consumed.

Method: Mother-infant dyads (n = 179) completed the Ability to Delay Gratification for Food in Infants Task (ATDG-FIT) at 2 weeks, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks of age. The ATDG-FIT required infants to wait before being fed while their bottle was present, but not accessible (3-min Pre-Feeding Delay). After this, the infant was fed for 1 min, then the feeding was paused for 30 s (Mid-Feeding Delay). Infant distress was coded during each feeding delay period and the amount of milk consumed was measured.

Results: The mean proportion of distress during the Pre-Feeding Delay period decreased from 8 to 16 weeks of age (F(2,230) = 15.02, p < 0.001), whereas the mean proportion of distress during the Mid-Feeding Delay increased from 2 to 8 weeks of age (F(2,230) = 27.04, p < 0.001). There was a positive interaction between distress during Mid-Feeding Delay and infant age predicting the amount consumed in the protocol (ß = 0.30, p = 0.022), suggesting that the association between distress during this part of the task and amount consumed strengthens as infants get older.

Conclusion: The ATDG-FIT may be an effective method to assess emerging eating behavior regulation constructs during early infancy.

Keywords: ATDG; appetite; delayed gratification; distress; infants.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Mean proportion of Pre-Feeding and Mid-Feeding Delay distress across development. The proportion of distress in each delay segment was calculated as the total number of intervals with distress present divided by the total number of coded intervals.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Associations between distress at Mid-Feeding Delay and amount consumed at different infant ages: 2, 8, and 16 weeks.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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