Recent progress in cadmium fluorescent and colorimetric probes

Abstract

Cadmium is a heavy metal which exists widely in industrial and agricultural production and can induce a variety of diseases in organisms. Therefore, its detection is of great significance in the fields of biology, environment and medicine. Fluorescent probe has been a powerful tool for cadmium detection because of its convenience, sensitivity, and bioimaging capability. In this paper, we reviewed 98 literatures on cadmium fluorescent sensors reported from 2017 to 2021, classified them according to different fluorophores, elaborated the probe design, application characteristics and recognition mode, summarized and prospected the development of cadmium fluorescent and colorimetric probes. We hope to provide some help for researchers to design cadmium fluorescent probes with higher selectivity, sensitivity and practicability.

Fig. 1. The probes structure reported by Y. Mikata's team and proposed binding mode with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 2. Proposed binding mode of probes 3 to 6 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 3. Proposed binding mode of probes 7 to 9 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 4. The structure of probes 10 to 12.

Fig. 5. Proposed binding mode of probe 13 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 6. Proposed binding mode of probes 14 to 17 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 7. The structure of probe 18.

Fig. 8. Proposed binding mode of probes 19 to 23 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 9. Proposed binding mode of probes 24 to 26 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 10. The structure of probes 27 to 30.

Fig. 11. Proposed binding mode of probe 31 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 12. The probes structure reported by P. Wang's team and proposed binding mode with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 13. Proposed binding mode of probes 37 to 39 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 14. The probes structure reported by Z. Wang's team and proposed binding mode with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 15. Proposed binding mode of probes 42 and 43 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 16. Proposed binding mode of probes 44 to 47 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 17. Proposed binding mode of probes 48 and 49 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 18. The structure of probes 50 to 53.

Fig. 19. Proposed binding mode of probes 54 and 55 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 20. Proposed binding mode of probes 56 and 57 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 21. Proposed binding mode of probes 58 to 60 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 22. The structure of probes 61 and 62.

Fig. 23. Proposed binding mode of probes 63 to 65 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 24. Proposed sensing mode of probes 66 and 67 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 25. The structure of probes 68 and 69.

Fig. 26. Proposed binding mode of probes 70 and 71 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 27. Proposed binding mode of probes 72 and 73 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 28. Proposed binding mode of probes 74 to 76 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 29. Proposed binding mode of probes 77 to 79 with Cd²⁺.

Fig. 30. The structure of probes 80 to 82.

Fig. 31. The structure of probe 83.

Chun-tian Shi

Ai-bin Wu

Wei-chu Yu