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. 2021 Jun 4;11(33):19978-19991.
doi: 10.1039/d1ra02575a. eCollection 2021 Jun 3.

Novel oxygen-generation from electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with anticancer properties: synthesis of PMMA-conjugate PVP-H2O2 nanofibers, characterization, and in vitro bio-evaluation tests

Samar A Salim  1   2 , Elbadawy A Kamoun  1   3 , Stephen Evans  4 , Tarek H Taha  5 , Esmail M El-Fakharany  6 , Mohamed M Elmazar  7 , A F Abdel-Aziz  2 , R H Abou-Saleh  8   9 , Taher A Salaheldin  10
Affiliations

Novel oxygen-generation from electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with anticancer properties: synthesis of PMMA-conjugate PVP-H2O2 nanofibers, characterization, and in vitro bio-evaluation tests

Samar A Salim et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Released oxygen plays a critical role in reducing destructive tumor behavior. This study aims to utilize decomposed hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source by conjugating it with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP-hydrogen peroxide complex (PHP) composed of different ratios of (PVP : H2O2) (0.5 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5, 1 : 5, and 1 : 10) were successfully synthesized. PHP complex with a ratio of 1 : 1.5 was chosen as the optimized ratio, and it was incorporated into the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanofibrous scaffold via the electrospinning technique. Results have revealed that the PMMA-10% PHP complex provided a significant morphological structure of nanofibrous scaffolds. The mechanical properties of PMMA-10% PHP nanofibers showed the most suitable mechanical features such as Young's modulus, elongation-at-break (%), and maximum strength, in addition to the highest degree of swelling. All PHP complex scaffolds released oxygen in a sustained manner. However, the PMMA-10% PHP complex gave the highest concentration of released-oxygen with (∼8.9 mg L-1, after 2.5 h). PMMA-10% PHP nanofibers provided an ideal model for released-oxygen scaffold with anti-cancer effect and high selectivity for cancer cells, especially for breast cancer cells. Nanofibrous scaffolds with different composition revealed high cell viability for normal cells. Such outcomes support the suitability of using synthesized nanofibrous scaffolds as released-oxygen biomaterials to enhance cancer cells' sensitivity and maximize the treatment effect.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Scheme of PHP preparation and oxygen release.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Representation of yield (%) of PHP complex with different ratios (1 : 10), (1 : 5), (1 : 1.5), (1 : 1) and (0.5 : 1) (mean ± sd, n = 3, p < 0.05).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of different ratios of PHP complex (a) and PVP (b).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of PMMA, PHP complex and PMMA–PHP nanofiber.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. SEM photographs of PMMA nanofibrous mats of (a) 6% PMMA, (b) 10% PMMA, and (c) 12% PMMA.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. SEM photographs of PMMA nanofibrous mats of (a) 6% PMMA–0% PHP, (b) (6% PMMA–5% PHP), (c) (6% PMMA–10% PHP), and (d) (6% PMMA–15% PHP).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Swelling ratio of nanofibrous (PMMA–0% PHP, PMMA–5% PHP, PMMA–10% PHP, and PMMA–15% PHP) mats, (mean ± sd, n = 3, p < 0.05).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. Mechanical properties as (a) maximum strength, elongation-to-break and (b) Young's modulus of (PMMA–0% PHP, PMMA–5% PHP, PMMA–10% PHP, PMMA–15% PHP) nanofiber scaffolds, (mean ± sd, n = 3, p < 0.05).
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. Percentage of weight loss from PMMA–0% PHP, PMMA–5% PHP, and PMMA–10% PHP and PMMA–15% PHP nanofibrous scaffolds, (mean ± sd, n = 3, p < 0.05).
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. DO concentration (mg mL−1) in de-ionized water as function of different nanofibrous scaffolds of (a) (PMMA–0% PHP, PMMA–5% PHP, PMMA–10% PHP, and PMMA–15% PHP), as well as for (b) PHP complex as powder and liquid forms, (mean ± sd, n = 3, p < 0.05).
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Cytotoxicity assessment of (a) free PHP with different ratio and (b) PMMA loaded with PHP complex (PMMA–0% PHP, PMMA–5% PHP, PMMA–10% PHP and PMMA–15% PHP), (mean ± sd, n = 3, p < 0.05).
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. Anticancer assay of different ratios of PHP complex treated with various cancer cell lines Caco-2 cells, MDA cell and HepG-2 cells (upper rows), and with different blends of PMMA–PHP nanofibrous scaffold mats on the same cell lines (down rows), (mean ± sd, n = 3, p < 0.05).
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