SFO reports research grants from Novartis and Celldex Therapeutics, and consultancy fees from Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS; all paid to the institution). AAMvdV reports consultancy fees from BMS, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Merck, Sanofi, Eisai, Pfizer, Ipsen, Roche, Pierre Fabre, and Novartis, and travel support from Bayer, Roche, Novartis, and Pfizer (all paid to the institution). A-MCD reports consultancy fees from Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Amgen, Bayer, Pharmamar, and Sanofi (all paid to the institution); speaker fees from Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Jansen, Chiesi, and Takeda (all paid to the institution); and research support from BMS, AbbVie, and Amgen (all paid to the institution). EFS reports consultancy fees from Eli Lilly (all paid to the institution); speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Daiichi Sankyo (all paid to the institution); and advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche Genentech, Roche Diagnostics, and Takeda (all paid to the institution). TJNH reports advisory board fees from BMS, AstraZeneca, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, and MSD (all paid to the institution). MJ reports consultancy fees from AstraZeneca and Pierre Fabre (all paid to the institution). GFR reports funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (paid to the institution). JBAGH reports consultancy fees from Achilles Therapeutics, BioNTech, BMS, Immunocore, Instil Bio, Molecular Partners, MSD, Gadeta, Merck Serono, Neogene Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, PokeAcel, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi, and T-Knife (paid to the institution); consultancy fees from Neogene Tx; speaker fees from Ipsen, Eisai, and Novartis (paid to the institution); research grants from Asher-Bio, BMS, BioNTech, MSD, and Novartis (paid to the institution); and stock in Neogene Tx. EGEdV reports an advisory role at Daiichi Sankyo, NSABP, and Sanofi, and research funding from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Chugai Pharma, Crescendo, CytomX Therapeutics, G1 Therapeutics, Genentech, Nordic Nanovector, Radius Health, Regeneron, Roche, Servier, and Synthon (all paid to the institution). All other authors declare no competing interests. The study is funded by ZonMw, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development. SFO and AAMvdV contributed equally.