Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 May;10(5):350-362.
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.01.021.

Trends in HF Hospitalizations Among Young Adults in the United States From 2004 to 2018

Vardhman Jain  1 , Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas  2 , Safi U Khan  3 , Stephen J Greene  4 , Ambarish Pandey  5 , Harriette G C Van Spall  6 , Gregg C Fonarow  7 , Robert J Mentz  4 , Javed Butler  8 , Muhammad Shahzeb Khan  9
Affiliations
Free article

Trends in HF Hospitalizations Among Young Adults in the United States From 2004 to 2018

Vardhman Jain et al. JACC Heart Fail. 2022 May.
Free article

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess trends in heart failure (HF) hospitalizations among young adults.

Background: Data are limited regarding clinical characteristics and outcomes of young adults hospitalized for HF.

Methods: The National Inpatient Sample database was analyzed to identify adults aged 18 to 45 years who were hospitalized for HF between 2004 and 2018.

Results: In total, 767,180 weighted hospitalizations for HF in young adults were identified, equivalent to 4.32 (95% CI: 4.31-4.33) per 10,000 person-years. Overall HF hospitalizations per 10,000 U.S. population of young adults decreased from 2.43 in 2004 to 1.82 in 2012, followed by an increase to 2.51 in 2018. Black adults (50.1%) had a significantly higher proportion of HF hospitalizations compared with White (31.9%) and Hispanic adults (12.2%) throughout the study period. Nearly half of patients (45.8%) lived in zip codes in the lowest quartile of national household income. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 1.3%, which decreased over time; this trend was consistent by sex and race. The overall mean LOS (5.2 days) remained stable over time, while the mean inflation-adjusted cost increased from $12,449 in 2004 to $16,786 in 2018, with significant overall differences by race and sex.

Conclusions: This longitudinal examination of U.S. clinical practice revealed that HF hospitalizations among young adults have increased since 2013. Approximately half of these patients are Black and reside in zip codes in the lowest quartile of national household income. Temporal trends showed decreased in-hospital mortality, stable adjusted lengths of stay, and increased inflation-adjusted costs, with significant racial differences in hospitalization rates.

Keywords: disparities; heart failure; trends; young.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Funding Support and Author Disclosures Dr Greene has received research support from the American Heart Association, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi; has served on advisory boards for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, and Sanofi; and has served as a consultant for Amgen, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Sanofi and Vifor. Dr Pandey has received honoraria outside of the present study as an advisor/consultant for Tricog Health Inc, Lilly USA, and Roche; has received nonfinancial support from Pfizer and Merck; has received research support from the Gilead Sciences Research Scholar Program, the National Institute of Aging GEMSSTAR Grant (1R03AG067960-01); and has received grant support from Applied Therapeutics. Dr Van Spall is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Dr Mentz has received research support and honoraria from Abbott, American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim/Eli Lilly, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Fast BioMedical, Gilead, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and Vifor. Dr Fonarow has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health; and has served as a consultant for Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cytokinetics, Edwards, Janssen, Medtronic, Merck, and Novartis. Dr Butler serves as a consultant for Abbott, Adrenomed, Amgen, Array, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squib, CVRx, G3 Pharmaceutical, Impulse Dynamics, Innolife, Janssen, LivaNova, Luitpold, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Relypsa, Roche, V-Wave Limited, and Vifor. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Publication types