Photonics enabled intelligence system to identify SARS-CoV 2 mutations

Abstract

The COVID-19, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV are hazardous epidemics that have resulted in many deaths which caused a worldwide debate. Despite control efforts, SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread, and the fast spread of this highly infectious illness has posed a grave threat to global health. The effect of the SARS-CoV-2 mutation, on the other hand, has been characterized by worrying variations that modify viral characteristics in response to the changing resistance profile of the human population. The repeated transmission of virus mutation indicates that epidemics are likely to occur. Therefore, an early identification system of ongoing mutations of SARS-CoV-2 will provide essential insights for planning and avoiding future outbreaks. This article discussed the following highlights: First, comparing the omicron mutation with other variants; second, analysis and evaluation of the spread rate of the SARS-CoV 2 variations in the countries; third, identification of mutation areas in spike protein; and fourth, it discussed the photonics approaches enabled with artificial intelligence. Therefore, our goal is to identify the SARS-CoV 2 virus directly without the need for sample preparation or molecular amplification procedures. Furthermore, by connecting through the optical network, the COVID-19 test becomes a component of the Internet of healthcare things to improve precision, service efficiency, and flexibility and provide greater availability for the evaluation of the general population. KEY POINTS: • A proposed framework of photonics based on AI for identifying and sorting SARS-CoV 2 mutations. • Comparative scatter rates Omicron variant and other SARS-CoV 2 variations per country. • Evaluating mutation areas in spike protein and AI enabled by photonic technologies for SARS-CoV 2 virus detection.

Keywords: COVID-19 variant; Intelligence system; Mutations; Photonic; SARS-CoV 2; Spike protein.

Fig. 1

Timeline describes the COVID-19 mutations

Fig. 2

Mutations D614G indicates that the viral spike proteins’ amino acid at position 614 has been altered from D (aspartate) to G (glycine)

Fig. 3

Shows the spike protein to the Omicron variant and the rate of spread with other variants: A. Amino acid changes change the 3-D structure of a spike. B. Monitoring of Omicron by country penetration rate. C. Representation of the comparative scatter rates SARS-CoV 2 variations: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta sequentially. Data available on GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org/)

Fig. 4

D614G mutation of SARS-CoV 2 and the surface spike (S) protein structure

Fig. 5

Illustrate the mechanism of Spike protein SARS-CoV 2 to enter the host cell

Fig. 6

Mutations areas in spike protein

Fig. 7

A propose a framework of photonics based on AI to identify SARS-CoV 2 virus and monitor