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Review
. 2022 Apr;35 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):104-110.
doi: 10.37201/req/s01.22.2022. Epub 2022 Apr 22.

Impact of vaccination on the epidemiology and prognosis of pneumonia

C M Luna  1
Affiliations
Review

Impact of vaccination on the epidemiology and prognosis of pneumonia

C M Luna. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Adults with lung diseases, comorbidities, smokers, and elderly are at risk of lung infections and their consequences. Community-acquired pneumonia happen in more than 1% of people each year. Possible pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia include viruses, pneumococcus and atypicals. The CDC recommend vaccination throughout life to provide immunity, but vaccination rates in adults are poor. Tetravalent and trivalent influenza vaccine is designed annually during the previous summer for the next season. The available vaccines include inactivated, adjuvant, double dose, and attenuated vaccines. Their efficacy depends on the variant of viruses effectively responsible for the outbreak each year, and other reasons. Regarding the pneumococcal vaccine, there coexist the old polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine with the new conjugate 10-valent and 13-valent conjugate vaccines. Conjugate vaccines demonstrate their usefulness to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia due to the serotypes present in the vaccine. Whooping cough is still present, with high morbidity and mortality rates in young infants. Adult's pertussis vaccine is available, it could contribute to the control of whooping cough in the most susceptible, but it is not present yet in the calendar of adults around the world. About 10 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed in a short time, requiring emergency use authorization. A high rate of vaccination was observed in most of the countries. Booster doses became frequent after the loss of effectiveness against new variants. The future of this vaccine is yet to be written.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflicts of interest

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentage of CAP due to pneumococcus according to the review of studies on the etiology of CAP published during the last century [7, 8].
Figure 2
Figure 2
CDC estimate of influenza vaccine effectiveness for the 2004-05 through 2019-20 seasons. The 2020-21 season was not considered due to the low circulation of influenza observed during the pandemic. (Modified from:CDC seasonal Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Studies, 26 Aug, 2021 [6].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pneumococcal vaccination schedule in adults [11]
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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