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. 2022 Apr 12:9:868370.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.868370. eCollection 2022.

Burden of Peripheral Artery Disease and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2019

Jinfeng Lin  1 , Yangbo Chen  2 , Nan Jiang  1 , Zuoshi Li  1 , Shangbo Xu  2
Affiliations

Burden of Peripheral Artery Disease and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2019

Jinfeng Lin et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Background: Data on burden of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and its attributable risk factors are valuable for policymaking. We aimed to estimate the burden and risk factors for PAD from 1990 to 2019.

Methods: We extracted the data on prevalence, incidence, death, years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to measure PAD burden. Moreover, the attributable burden to PAD risk factors was also estimated.

Results: Globally, in 2019, 113,443,017 people lived with PAD and 10,504,092 new cases occurred, resulting in 74,063 deaths, 500,893 YLDs, and 1,035,487 YLLs. The absolute numbers of PAD prevalent and incident cases significantly increased between 1990 and 2019, contrasting with the decline trends in age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates. However, no statistically significant changes were detected in the global age-standardized death or YLL rates. The burden of PAD and its temporal trends varied significantly by location, gender, age group, and social-demographic status. Among all potentially modifiable risk factors, age-standardized PAD deaths worldwide were primarily attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, followed by high systolic blood pressure, tobacco, kidney dysfunction, diet high in sodium, and lead exposure.

Conclusion: PAD remained a serious public health problem worldwide. More strategies aimed at implementing cost-effective interventions and addressing modifiable risk factors should be carried out, especially in regions with high or increasing burden.

Keywords: Global Health; epidemiology; incidence; peripheral artery disease; risk factor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Age-specific numbers and rates of prevalent cases (A), incident cases (B), and deaths (C) of peripheral artery disease by sex, 2019. Dotted and dashed lines indicate 95% upper and lower uncertainty intervals, respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Age-standardized incidence (A) and death (B) rates of peripheral artery disease across 204 countries and territories in 2019.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Age-standardized incidence rate (A) and age-standardized death rate (B) of peripheral artery disease for 21 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) regions by Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), 1990–2019; expected values based on SDI and disease rates in all locations are shown as the black line. Thirty points are plotted for each GBD region and show observed rate from 1990 to 2019 for that region. The R indices and P-value were derived from Pearson correlation analysis.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Percentage contributions of major risk factors to peripheral artery disease age-standardized deaths by sex, 2019.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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