Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Feb 14;9(10):5599-5609.
doi: 10.1039/c8ra09418g. eCollection 2019 Feb 11.

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed oil esters for cosmeceutical applications: process optimization using response surface methodology

Asiah Abdullah  1   2 , Siti Salwa Abd Gani  3   4 , Taufiq Yap Yun Hin  1 , Zaibunnisa Abdul Haiyee  5 , Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan  4   6 , Mohd Azlan Kassim  7   8 , Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi  9
Affiliations

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed oil esters for cosmeceutical applications: process optimization using response surface methodology

Asiah Abdullah et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Esters were synthesized via the alcoholysis of red pitaya seed oil with oleyl alcohol catalyzed by immobilized lipase, Lipozyme RM IM. The effects of synthesis parameters, including temperature, time, substrate molar ratio and enzyme loading, on the yield and productivity of esters were assessed using a central composite response surface design. The optimum yield and productivity were predicted to be about 80.00% and 0.58 mmol h-1, respectively, at a synthesis temperature of 50.5 °C, time of 4 h, substrate molar ratio of 3.4 : 1 and with 0.17 g of enzyme. Esters were synthesized under the optimum synthesis conditions; it was found that the average yield and productivity were 82.48 ± 4.57% and 0.62 ± 0.04 mmol h-1, respectively, revealing good correspondence with the predicted values. The main esters were oleyl linoleate, oleyl oleate, oleyl palmitate and oleyl stearate. The synthesized esters exhibited no irritancy effects and their physicochemical properties showed their suitability for use as cosmeceutical ingredients.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Proposed mechanism of the alcoholysis reaction by Lipozyme RM IM.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2. Reaction mechanism of acyl migration.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Response surface plot showing the effects of reaction temperature and time on ester synthesis in terms of (a) the yield response and (b) the productivity response (substrate molar ratio = 3.00; enzyme loading = 0.15 g).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Response surface plot showing the effects of reaction temperature and substrate molar ratio on ester synthesis in terms of (a) the yield response and (b) the productivity response (time = 6 h; enzyme loading = 0.15 g).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Response surface plot showing the effects of the substrate molar ratio and enzyme loading on RPSOE in terms of (a) the yield response and (b) the productivity response (reaction temperature = 50 °C; time = 6 h).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Gas chromatogram of standard esters.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Gas chromatogram of red pitaya seed oil esters.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. Relative viability of red pitaya seed oil esters (RPSOE) and negative and positive controls.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Ariffin A. A. Bakar J. Ping Tan C. Abdul Rahman R. Karim R. Chun Loi C. Essential fatty acids of pitaya (dragon fruit) seed oil. Food Chem. 2009;114:561–564. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.108. - DOI
    1. Gani S. S. A. Kamairudin N. Razalli R. L. Basri M. Phase behaviour study of pitaya seed oil: jojoba oil with non-ionic surfactants in emulsion system. Asian J. Chem. 2015;27:3452–3456. doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2015.18891. - DOI
    1. Gani S. S. A. Basri M. Rahman M. B. A. Kassim A. Rahman R. N. Z. R. A. Salleh A. B. Ismail Z. Engkabang fat esters for cosmeceutical formulation. J. Surfactants Deterg. 2011;14:227–233. doi: 10.1007/s11743-010-1233-4. - DOI
    1. Basri M. Noor R. Raja Z. Rahman A. Ebrahimpour A. Salleh A. B. Gunawan E. R. Basyaruddin M. Comparison of estimation capabilities of response surface methodology (RSM) with artificial neural network (ANN) in lipase-catalyzed synthesis of palm-based wax ester. BMC Biotech. 2007;7:53. doi: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-53. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Aracil J. Martinez M. Sánchez N. Corma A. Formation of a jojoba oil analog by esterification of oleic acid using zeolites as catalyst. Zeolites. 1992;12:233–236. doi: 10.1016/S0144-2449(05)80288-X. - DOI