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. 2019 Feb 14;9(10):5599-5609.
doi: 10.1039/c8ra09418g. eCollection 2019 Feb 11.

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed oil esters for cosmeceutical applications: process optimization using response surface methodology

Asiah Abdullah  1   2 , Siti Salwa Abd Gani  3   4 , Taufiq Yap Yun Hin  1 , Zaibunnisa Abdul Haiyee  5 , Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan  4   6 , Mohd Azlan Kassim  7   8 , Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi  9
Affiliations

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed oil esters for cosmeceutical applications: process optimization using response surface methodology

Asiah Abdullah et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Esters were synthesized via the alcoholysis of red pitaya seed oil with oleyl alcohol catalyzed by immobilized lipase, Lipozyme RM IM. The effects of synthesis parameters, including temperature, time, substrate molar ratio and enzyme loading, on the yield and productivity of esters were assessed using a central composite response surface design. The optimum yield and productivity were predicted to be about 80.00% and 0.58 mmol h-1, respectively, at a synthesis temperature of 50.5 °C, time of 4 h, substrate molar ratio of 3.4 : 1 and with 0.17 g of enzyme. Esters were synthesized under the optimum synthesis conditions; it was found that the average yield and productivity were 82.48 ± 4.57% and 0.62 ± 0.04 mmol h-1, respectively, revealing good correspondence with the predicted values. The main esters were oleyl linoleate, oleyl oleate, oleyl palmitate and oleyl stearate. The synthesized esters exhibited no irritancy effects and their physicochemical properties showed their suitability for use as cosmeceutical ingredients.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Proposed mechanism of the alcoholysis reaction by Lipozyme RM IM.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2. Reaction mechanism of acyl migration.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Response surface plot showing the effects of reaction temperature and time on ester synthesis in terms of (a) the yield response and (b) the productivity response (substrate molar ratio = 3.00; enzyme loading = 0.15 g).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Response surface plot showing the effects of reaction temperature and substrate molar ratio on ester synthesis in terms of (a) the yield response and (b) the productivity response (time = 6 h; enzyme loading = 0.15 g).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Response surface plot showing the effects of the substrate molar ratio and enzyme loading on RPSOE in terms of (a) the yield response and (b) the productivity response (reaction temperature = 50 °C; time = 6 h).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Gas chromatogram of standard esters.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Gas chromatogram of red pitaya seed oil esters.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. Relative viability of red pitaya seed oil esters (RPSOE) and negative and positive controls.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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