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. 2020 Nov 17;10(68):41857-41870.
doi: 10.1039/d0ra07404g. eCollection 2020 Nov 11.

A functional modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nano zinc oxide composite for excellent vulcanization properties of natural rubber

Zhen Yang  1 , Yan Huang  1 , Yuzhu Xiong  1   2
Affiliations

A functional modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nano zinc oxide composite for excellent vulcanization properties of natural rubber

Zhen Yang et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

A modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nanozinc oxide (MGO/ND/nanoZnO) functional hybrid filler is designed and prepared to improve the vulcanization efficiency of a rubber composite and to reduce the use of ZnO. ND was grafted onto graphite oxide with the aid of 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). NanoZnO, with high surface activity, was then loaded onto the MGO/ND complex through the wet chemical method, in order to synthesize the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler. Rubber composites were prepared using the rubber latex composite method and their vulcanization behaviors were investigated. Our results show that the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler can remarkably improve the vulcanization behaviors of the rubber composite. Compared with that of pure natural rubber (NR), the vulcanization activation energy of the rubber composite was reduced by approximately 16%. Moreover, the vulcanization efficiency can be improved by 63% (i.e., the optimum cure time is shortened from the original 405 s to 150 s) after the same amount of traditional ZnO was replaced by the functional hybrid filler loaded with 1 wt% nanoZnO. The prepared MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler thus provides a promising alternative to improve the vulcanization efficiency of rubber composites.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Preparation process of hybrid functional filler.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. (a) FT-IR spectra, (b) XPS survey spectra, (c) X-ray diffraction pattern spectra, and (d) TGA of GO, MGO, MGO/ND, and MGO/ND/nanoZnO under nitrogen.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Elemental composition of each filler, (a) MGO, and (b) MGO/ND.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. TEM images of (a) the pristine ND nanocluster, (b) magnified ND, and (c) MGO/ND, magnified (d) MGO/ND and (e) MGO/ND/nanoZnO, and (f) zinc element mapping.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. TEM images of vulcanized rubber with different formulations, (a) NR/MGO, (b) NR/MGO/ND, (c) NR/MGO/ND/1.0 nanoZnO, (d) NR/MGO/ND/2.0 nanoZnO.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. MDR curves of rubber composites at different vulcanization temperatures: (a) 130 °C, (b) 140 °C, (c) 150 °C, and (d) 160 °C.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Vulcanization data for rubber composites: (a) t10 and (b) t90.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. (a) Effective torque and (b) bound rubber of the samples.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. Maximum vulcanization rate of rubber composites at different temperatures.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. Relationship between vulcanization rate and time of rubber composites: (a) pure NR, (b) NR/GO, (c) NR/MGO/ND, (d) NR/MGO/ND/0.5 nanoZnO, (e) NR/MGO/ND/1.0 nanoZnO, (f) NR/MGO/ND/1.5 nanoZnO, and (g) NR/MGO/ND/2.0 nanoZnO.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Fit curve of ln k and 1/T, according to the Arrhenius function.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. Relationship between vulcanization rate and conversion rate at (a) 130 °C, (b) 140 °C, (c) 150 °C, and (d) 160 °C.
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