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. 2020 Nov 22;10(69):42512-42528.
doi: 10.1039/d0ra05533f. eCollection 2020 Nov 17.

Color-changing intensified light-emitting multifunctional textiles via digital printing of biobased flavin

Sweta Narayanan Iyer  1   2   3   4 , Nemeshwaree Behary  2   3 , Jinping Guan  4 , Mehmet Orhan  1 , Vincent Nierstrasz  1
Affiliations

Color-changing intensified light-emitting multifunctional textiles via digital printing of biobased flavin

Sweta Narayanan Iyer et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Flavin mononucleotide (biobased flavin), widely known as FMN, possesses intrinsic fluorescence characteristics. This study presents a sustainable approach for fabricating color-changing intensified light-emitting textiles using the natural compound FMN via digital printing technologies such as inkjet and chromojet. The FMN based ink formulation was prepared at 5 different concentrations using water and glycerol-based systems and printed on cotton duck white (CD), mercerized cotton (MC), and polyester (PET) textile woven samples. After characterizing the printing inks (viscosity and surface tension), the photophysical and physicochemical properties of the printed textiles were investigated using FTIR, UV/visible spectrophotometry, and fluorimetry. Furthermore, photodegradation properties were studied after irradiation under UV (370 nm) and visible (white) light. Two prominent absorption peaks were observed at around 370 nm and 450 nm on K/S spectral curves because of the functionalization of FMN on the textiles via digital printing along with the highest fluorescence intensities obtained for cotton textiles. Before light irradiation, the printed textiles exhibited greenish-yellow fluorescence at 535 nm for excitation at 370 nm. The fluorescence intensity varied as a function of the FMN concentration and the solvent system (water/glycerol). With 0.8 and 1% of FMN, the fluorescence of the printed textiles persisted even after prolonged light irradiation; however, the fluorescence color shifted from greenish-yellow color to turquoise blue then to white, with the fluorescence quantum efficiency values (φ) increasing from 0.1 to a value as high as 1. Photodegradation products of the FMN with varying fluorescence wavelengths and intensities would explain the results. Thus, a color-changing light-emitting fluorescent textile was obtained after prolonged light irradiation of textile samples printed using biobased flavin. Furthermore, multifunctional properties such as antibacterial properties against E. coli were observed only for the printed cotton textile while increased ultraviolet protection was observed for both cotton and polyester printed fabrics for the high concentration of FMN water-based and glycerol-based formulations. The evaluation of fluorescence properties using digital printing techniques aimed to provide more sustainable solutions, both in terms of minimum use of biobased dye and obtaining the maximum yield.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors claim no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. (a) UV-visible spectroscopy of FMN solutions, (b) FTIR spectra of FMN solutions. Note: black line represents freshly prepared FMN solution, the blue line represents FMN solution irradiated with UV light (UVI) and the red line represents FMN solution irradiated with visible light (VISI).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. FTIR of inkjet printed textile (a) CD untreated and varying print pass (2–10 pass), (b) MC untreated and varying print pass (2–10 pass), (c) PET untreated and varying print pass (2–10 pass).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. K/S values before (solid line) and after UVI (dash) and VISI (dots) light irradiation for 0.5% WB and 0.5% GB samples. (a) CD printed textiles, (b) MC printed textiles, (c) PET printed textiles.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Fluorescence emission spectra of solutions (a) water-based formulation at λex 370 nm (b) glycerol-based formulation at λex 370 nm.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Fluorescence emission spectra of chromojet printed textile samples before irradiation (a) CD printed (b) MC printed (c) PET printed at λexc 370 nm wavelength. Green shade (light to dark) corresponds to water-based formulations (0.1–1% FMN), and violet shade (light to dark) corresponds to are glycerol-based formulations (0.1–1% FMN).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. UPF mean values for (a) CD chromojet printed textile, (b) MC chromojet printed textile, (c) PET chromojet printed textile.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Antibacterial activities against E. coli (ATCC 25922) according to ASTM E2149 test method for (a) FMN powder (b) chromojet printed textile sample no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (c) chromojet printed textile sample no. 7, 8, 9.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. Antibacterial activity of printed textiles using water and glycerol-based formulation with 1% FMN.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. Schematic illustration of the reaction of (a) FMN with the cotton textile surface (b) FMN with glycerol (c) FMN with PET textile surface.
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