Inoculum effect with chloroquine and Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract

In the studies reported here, we examined the inoculum effect observed with chloroquine and Plasmodium falciparum. The 50% effective doses observed with both chloroquine-susceptible and -resistant parasites increased five- to sevenfold from their baseline values as the inoculum was increased from 2 X 10(5) to 2 X 10(7) parasitized erythrocytes per ml (parasitemias of 0.1 to 10% with a hematocrit of 2%). Increasing the inoculum also decreased the chloroquine uptake per parasitized erythrocyte 15- to 20-fold with both chloroquine-susceptible and -resistant parasites. However, because of the 100-fold increase in the inoculum, the total amount of chloroquine taken up actually increased sufficiently to reduce the extracellular chloroquine concentration in vitro by 60 to 90%. These studies suggest that a chloroquine uptake of greater than or equal to 2.0 pmol/10(6) parasitized erythrocytes is necessary for chloroquine to inhibit parasite growth. More marked reductions in the amount of chloroquine uptake per parasitized erythrocyte were observed with a hematocrit of 40% using similar parasitemias of 0.1 to 10% (inocula of 4 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(8) parasitized erythrocytes per ml). Thin-layer chromatography of [3H]chloroquine taken up by chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum revealed no evidence of drug alteration by the parasite. These studies define the mechanism responsible for the inoculum effect observed with chloroquine and P. falciparum in vitro.