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. 2022 Apr 19:10:837858.
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.837858. eCollection 2022.

Fabrication of Guided Tissue Regeneration Membrane Using Lignin-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles in Biopolymer Matrix for Antimicrobial Activity

Bushra Bilal  1 , Rimsha Niazi  2 , Sohail Nadeem  2 , Muhammad Asim Farid  3 , Muhammad Shahid Nazir  1 , Toheed Akhter  2 , Mohsin Javed  2 , Ayesha Mohyuddin  2 , Abdul Rauf  2 , Zulfiqar Ali  4 , Syed Ali Raza Naqvi  5 , Nawshad Muhammad  6 , Eslam B Elkaeed  7 , Hala A Ibrahium  8   9 , Nasser S Awwad  10 , Sadaf Ul Hassan  1   2
Affiliations

Fabrication of Guided Tissue Regeneration Membrane Using Lignin-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles in Biopolymer Matrix for Antimicrobial Activity

Bushra Bilal et al. Front Chem. .

Abstract

Periodontal disease is a common complication, and conventional periodontal surgery can lead to severe bleeding. Different membranes have been used for periodontal treatment with limitations, such as improper biodegradation, poor mechanical property, and no effective hemostatic property. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes favoring periodontal regeneration were prepared to overcome these shortcomings. The mucilage of the chia seed was extracted and utilized to prepare the guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane. Lignin having antibacterial properties was used to synthesize lignin-mediated ZnO nanoparticles (∼Lignin@ZnO) followed by characterization with analytical techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). To fabricate the GTR membrane, extracted mucilage, Lignin@ZnO, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were mixed in different ratios to obtain a thin film. The fabricated GTR membrane was evaluated using a dynamic fatigue analyzer for mechanical properties. Appropriate degradation rates were approved by degradability analysis in water for different intervals of time. The fabricated GTR membrane showed excellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial species.

Keywords: GTR membrane; ZnO nanoparticles; antimicrobial activity; lignin; mucilage.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Schematic representation of the synthesis of GTR membrane.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
FTIR spectra of lignin, ZnO NPs, Lignin@ZnO, mucilage, 1, 2.5, and 5% Lignin@ZnO-GTR membranes.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The UV–visible spectrum of lignin, Lignin@ZnO, 1, 2.5, and 5% Lignin@ZnO-GTR membranes.
FIGURE. 3
FIGURE. 3
XRD spectra of synthesized ZnO NPs, Lignin@ZnO, Lignin, and fabricated membrane (1%).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
SEM images of (A) PVA/mucilage, (B) Lignin@ZnO, and (C) Lignin@ZnO-GTR membrane, and (D) zoom image of the cross section from (C).
FIGURE. 5
FIGURE. 5
Strain (percentage) and tensile strength of the synthesized membrane having a different ratio of ZnO NPs.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Swelling property of the 1, 2.5, and 5% Lignin@ZnO-GTR membranes.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Zone of inhibition of synthesized Lignin@ZnO and commercial zinc oxide powder for (A) E. coli, (B) S. aureus, and (C) zone of inhibition of GTR membrane against E. coli.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Zone of inhibition exhibited by the ZnO powder, Lignin, and 1, 2.5, and 5% Lignin@ZnO-GTR membrane against S. aureus, and E. coli.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
FESEM images of (A–B) E. coli and (C–D) S. aureus treated with different time: (A,C) 0 h and (B,D) 24 h.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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