Developments and applications of nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes

Abstract

This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the past ten years in the field of electrochemical sensing using nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes. Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers sensors for biological species and pharmaceutical compounds (with subsections on sensors for antioxidants, catecholamines and amino acids). The next section covers sensors for environmental pollutants (with subsections on sensors for pesticides and heavy metal ions). Several tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods (differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, amperometry, etc.) and different nanomaterials available. A concluding section summarizes the status, addresses future challenges, and gives an outlook on potential trends.

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the stepwise fabrication process nickel nanoparticles modified CPE. Reprinted with permission from ref. 137 Copyright (2016) Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the CPE modified with GO and EDDPT as modifiers simultaneous determination of EP, AC and DA. Reprinted with permission from ref. 143 Copyright (2017) Elsevier.

Fig. 3. Schematic of preparation of different modified electrodes with CdSe QD modified/MWCNT in 4 steps. Reprinted with permission from ref. 160 Copyright (2017) Elsevier.

Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of glycine polymer and MWCNTs/CPE fabrication. Reprinted with permission from ref. 162 Copyright (2018) Electrochemical Science Group, University of Belgrade.

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of the CPE modified with clinoptilolite nano-particles were modified by hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant and dithizone. Reprinted with permission from ref. 198 Copyright (2017) Elsevier.