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. 2020 Jun 18;10(39):23359-23371.
doi: 10.1039/d0ra04521g. eCollection 2020 Jun 16.

Synthesis and characterization of a supported Pd complex on volcanic pumice laminates textured by cellulose for facilitating Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions

Siavash Salek Soltani  1 , Reza Taheri-Ledari  2 , S Morteza F Farnia  1 , Ali Maleki  2 , Alireza Foroumadi  3   4
Affiliations

Synthesis and characterization of a supported Pd complex on volcanic pumice laminates textured by cellulose for facilitating Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions

Siavash Salek Soltani et al. RSC Adv. .

Retraction in

Abstract

Herein, a novel high-performance heterogeneous catalytic system made of volcanic pumice magnetic particles (VPMP), cellulose (CLS) natural polymeric texture, and palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) is presented. The introduced VPMP@CLS-Pd composite has been designed based on the principles of green chemistry, and suitably applied in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, as an efficient heterogeneous catalytic system. Concisely, the inherent magnetic property of VPMP (30 emu g-1) provides a great possibility for separation of the catalyst particles from the reaction mixture with great ease. In addition, high heterogeneity and high structural stability are obtained by this composition resulting in remarkable recyclability (ten times successive use). As the main catalytic sites, palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) are finely distributed onto the VPMP@CLS structure. To catalyze the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions producing biphenyl pharmaceutical derivatives, the present Pd NPs were reduced from chemical state Pd2+ to Pd0. In this regard, a plausible mechanism is submitted in the context as well. As the main result of the performed analytical methods (including FT-IR, EDX, VSM, TGA, FESEM, TEM, BTE, and XPS), it is shown that the spherical-shaped nanoscale Pd particles have been well distributed onto the surfaces of the porous laminate-shaped VPMP. However, the novel designed VPMP@CLS-Pd catalyst is used for facilitating the synthetic reactions of biphenyls, and high reaction yields (∼98%) are obtained in a short reaction time (10 min) by using a small amount of catalytic system (0.01 g), under mild conditions (room temperature).

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Step by step preparation pathway for VPMP@CLS-Pd catalytic system.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. (a) FT-IR spectra of the neat VPMP (before and after the calcination process), VPMP@CLS binary composite, and VPMP@CLS-Pd catalyst, and (b and c) EDX spectra of the fabricated VPMP@CLS-Pd catalyst and the neat VPMP, respectively.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. (a) Room temperature M–H curves, and (b) TGA curves of the sole VPMP (red color) and the fabricated VPMP@CLS-Pd composite (black color).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. FESEM images of (a) neat grinded VPMP, (b and c) the fabricated VPMP@CLS-Pd composite, and (d) TEM image of VPMP@CLS-Pd.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. (a) BET curves, and (b) pore size distribution diagram of the individual VPMP and VPMP@CLS-Pd composite, and (c and d) XPS spectra of the VPMP@CLS-Pd(ii) and VPMP@CLS-Pd(0) composites.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1. General schematic of the synthetic reactions of biphenyl derivatives, catalyzed by VPMP@CLS-Pd catalytic system. The in situ reduction of VPMP@CLS-Pd(ii) has shown more satisfying result than using the as-prepared VPMP@CLS-Pd(0) catalyst.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. Plausible mechanism for the synthesis of biphenyl derivatives, catalyzed by VPMP@CLS-Pd catalytic system.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Recyclability diagram of VPMP@CLS-Pd catalytic system in the synthesis reaction of product f.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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