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. 2019 Oct 16;9(57):33052-33070.
doi: 10.1039/c9ra03593a. eCollection 2019 Oct 15.

Poly(pyrrole- co-o-toluidine) wrapped CoFe2O4/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) ternary composite material for Ga3+ sensing ability

Dina F Katowah  1 , Mahmoud A Hussein  1   2 , M M Alam  3 , T R Sobahi  1 , M A Gabal  1   4 , Abdullah M Asiri  1   5 , Mohammed M Rahman  1   5
Affiliations

Poly(pyrrole- co-o-toluidine) wrapped CoFe2O4/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) ternary composite material for Ga3+ sensing ability

Dina F Katowah et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

In this study, we report a novel ternary conductive hybrid material with high stability, conductivity, and excellent electrochemical Ga3+ sensing ability. Ternary poly(pyrrole-co-o-toluidine)/CoFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide-oxidized single-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposites in the form of P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs have been synthesized through an in situ chemical polymerization method via a facile three-step approach. Single phase CoFe2O4 (CF) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an egg white method, while reduced graphene oxide-oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes R(GO-OXSWCNTs) were prepared via co-reduction of graphene oxide along with oxidized SWCNTs flowed by coating CF and R(GO-OXSWCNTs) with a poly(pyrrole-co-o-toluidine) matrix P(Py-co-OT) copolymer. The results of X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman indicated that the P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs were effectively synthesized with strong interactions among the constituents. The thermal stability of P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs is considerably enhanced in the composite format. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that CF and R(GO-OXSWCNTs) were well coated by P(Py-co-OT). The electrical conductivity study showed that P(Py-co-OT) and R(GO-OXSWCNTs) might significantly improve the conductivity and the electrochemical performance of the CF. A Ga3+ ion selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated by coating a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with synthesized P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs by using 5% Nafion binder. The slope of the calibration curve was used to calculate the sensor's analytical parameters, such as sensitivity (13.0569 μA μM-1 cm-2), detection limit (96.27 ± 4.81 pM), quantification limit (43.523 pM), response time, reproducibility, large linear dynamic range, and linearity. The validation of the P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs/GCE sensor probe was investigated by a standard addition method (recovery) in the presence of various environmental samples and satisfying results were obtained.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Illustration of the fabrication procedure of P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1. (a) FTIR spectra of GO–OXSWCNTs, R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs. (b) Raman spectra of GO–OXSWCNTs, R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of P(Py-co-OT) (a), CF NPs (b), P(Py-co-OT)/CF NCs (c), R(GO–OXSWCNTs) (d) and P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs (e).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. FTIR of P(Py-co-OT) (a), CF NPs (b), P(Py-co-OT)/CF NCs (c), R(GO–OXSWCNTs) (d) and P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs (e).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Raman spectra of R(GO–OXSWCNTs) (a) and P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs (b).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. TGA (a) and DTG (b) curves of P(Py-co-OT) (a), CF NPs (b), P(Py-co-OT)/CF NCs (c), R(GO–OXSWCNTs) (d) and P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs (e).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. TGA, DTG and DTA curves of P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. SEM images of P(Py-co-OT) (a), CF NPs (b), P(Py-co-OT)/CF NCs (c), R(GO–OXSWCNTs) (d) and P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs (e).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. Corresponding elemental maps (a), EDX analyses of P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs (b).
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. TEM images of CF (a), R(GO–OXSWCNTs) (b) and P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs (c).
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. AFM images of P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Temperature dependence of DC conductivity for P(Py-co-OT), CF NPs, P(Py-co-OT)/CF NCs, R(GO–OXSWCNTs) and P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. The electrochemical (I–V) characterization of sensor based on P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) NCs/binder/GCE. (a) The identification of selectivity, (b) the variation of I–V responses of Ga3+ ion with a variation of concentration from lower to higher, (c) the calibration of Ga3+ ion sensor and (d) log(conc.) vs. current.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13. (a) The comparison study of Ga3+ ion sensor, (b) response time, (c) reproducibility and (d) stability test.
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