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. 2022 May 9;5(5):CD012809.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012809.pub2.

Doppler trans-thoracic echocardiography for detection of pulmonary hypertension in adults

Yasushi Tsujimoto  1   2   3 , Junji Kumasawa  4   5 , Sayaka Shimizu  6 , Yoshio Nakano  7 , Yuki Kataoka  3   8   9 , Hiraku Tsujimoto  10 , Michihiko Kono  11 , Shinji Okabayashi  6 , Haruki Imura  12 , Takahiro Mizuta  13
Affiliations

Doppler trans-thoracic echocardiography for detection of pulmonary hypertension in adults

Yasushi Tsujimoto et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, which leads to a substantial loss of exercise capacity. PH ultimately leads to right ventricular overload and subsequent heart failure and early death. Although early detection and treatment of PH are recommended, due to the limited responsiveness to therapy at late disease stages, many patients are diagnosed at a later stage of the disease because symptoms and signs of PH are nonspecific at earlier stages. While direct pressure measurement with right-heart catheterisation is the clinical reference standard for PH, it is not routinely used due to its invasiveness and complications. Trans-thoracic Doppler echocardiography is less invasive, less expensive, and widely available compared to right-heart catheterisation; it is therefore recommended that echocardiography be used as an initial diagnosis method in guidelines. However, several studies have questioned the accuracy of noninvasively measured pulmonary artery pressure. There is substantial uncertainty about the diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography for the diagnosis of PH.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of trans-thoracic Doppler echocardiography for detecting PH.

Search methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from database inception to August 2021, reference lists of articles, and contacted study authors. We applied no restrictions on language or type of publication.

Selection criteria: We included studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of trans-thoracic Doppler echocardiography for detecting PH, where right-heart catheterisation was the reference standard. We excluded diagnostic case-control studies (two-gate design), studies where right-heart catheterisation was not the reference standard, and those in which the reference standard threshold differed from 25 mmHg. We also excluded studies that did not provide sufficient diagnostic test accuracy data (true-positive [TP], false-positive [FP], true-negative [TN], and false-negative [FN] values, based on the reference standard). We included studies that provided data from which we could extract TP, FP, TN, and FN values, based on the reference standard. Two authors independently screened and assessed the eligibility based on the titles and abstracts of records identified by the search. After the title and abstract screening, the full-text reports of all potentially eligible studies were obtained, and two authors independently assessed the eligibility of the full-text reports.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data from each of the included studies. We contacted the authors of the included studies to obtain missing data. We assessed the methodological quality of studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. We estimated a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve by fitting a hierarchical summary ROC (HSROC) non-linear mixed model. We explored sources of heterogeneity regarding types of PH, methods to estimate the right atrial pressure, and threshold of index test to diagnose PH. All analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5, SAS and STATA statistical software.

Main results: We included 17 studies (comprising 3656 adult patients) assessing the diagnostic accuracy of Doppler trans-thoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of PH. The included studies were heterogeneous in terms of patient distribution of age, sex, WHO classification, setting, country, positivity threshold, and year of publication. The prevalence of PH reported in the included studies varied widely (from 6% to 88%). The threshold of index test for PH diagnosis varied widely (from 30 mmHg to 47 mmHg) and was not always prespecified. No study was assigned low risk of bias or low concern in each QUADAS-2 domain assessed. Poor reporting, especially in the index test and reference standard domains, hampered conclusive judgement about the risk of bias. There was little consistency in the thresholds used in the included studies; therefore, common thresholds contained very sparse data, which prevented us from calculating summary points of accuracy estimates. With a fixed specificity of 86% (the median specificity), the estimated sensitivity derived from the median value of specificity using HSROC model was 87% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78% to 96%). Using a prevalence of PH of 68%, which was the median among the included studies conducted mainly in tertiary hospitals, diagnosing a cohort of 1000 adult patients under suspicion of PH would result in 88 patients being undiagnosed with PH (false negatives) and 275 patients would avoid unnecessary referral for a right-heart catheterisation (true negatives). In addition, 592 of 1000 patients would receive an appropriate and timely referral for a right-heart catheterisation (true positives), while 45 patients would be wrongly considered to have PH (false positives). Conversely, when we assumed low prevalence of PH (10%), as in the case of preoperative examinations for liver transplantation, the number of false negatives and false positives would be 13 and 126, respectively.

Authors' conclusions: Our evidence assessment of echocardiography for the diagnosis of PH in adult patients revealed several limitations. We were unable to determine the average sensitivity and specificity at any particular index test threshold and to explain the observed variability in results. The high heterogeneity of the collected data and the poor methodological quality would constrain the implementation of this result into clinical practice. Further studies relative to the accuracy of Doppler trans-thoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of PH in adults, that apply a rigorous methodology for conducting diagnostic test accuracy studies, are needed.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

JK: none known.

SS: none known.

YN: none known.

YK: employed by Kyoto Min‐Iren Asukai Hospital

HT: none known.

YT: employed by Kyoritsu Hospital

MK: none known.

SO: none known.

HI: none known.

TM: none known.

Figures

1
1
Clinical pathway of diagnostic evaluation for pulmonary hypertension among adults, adolescents, and children Abbreviations: PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PH: pulmonary hypertension (Rubin 2016).
2
2
Flow diagram
3
3
Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies
4
4
Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
5
5
Forest plots: sensitivity and specificity of Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiography for detecting PH Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; FN: false negative; FP: false positive; IVC: inferior vena cava; RAP: right atrial pressure; TN: true negative; TP: true positive.
6
6
Main analysis: Summary ROC plot and curve of Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiography for PH under the HSROC model Abbreviations: HSROC: hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic; PH: pulmonary hypertension; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
7
7
Subgroup analysis: Summary ROC plot and curve of Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiograph for PH by WHO classifications of pulmonary hypertension Abbreviations: PH: pulmonary hypertension; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; WHO: World Health Organization.
8
8
Subgroup analysis: Summary ROC plot and curve of Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiograph for PH by methods used to estimate RAP Abbreviations: RAP: right atrial pressure; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
9
9
Subgroup analysis: Summary ROC plot of Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiograph for PH by thresholds under the bivariate model Abbreviations: RAP: right atrial pressure; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
10
10
Sensitivity analysis: Summary ROC plot and curve of Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiograph for PH, excluding studies at high risk of bias in domain 1 or 4 in QUADAS‐2 assessment under the HSROC model Abbreviations: HSROC: hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic; PH: pulmonary hypertension; QUADAS: Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
11
11
Sensitivity analysis: Summary ROC plot and curve of Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiograph for PH, repeating the analysis for each quartile of prevalence under the HSROC model Abbreviations: PH: pulmonary hypertension; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.
1
1. Test
Doppler trans‐thoracic echocardiography
2
2. Test
Sensitivity analysis 1
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Habash 2018 {published data only}
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Kooranifar 2021 {published data only}
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