Sex Difference in Female and Male Ice Swimmers for Different Strokes and Water Categories Over Short and Middle Distances: A Descriptive Study

Abstract

Background: Winter swimming developed from a national tradition into a health-improving sport with international competitions. The difference in performance between women and men was thoroughly examined in various sporting disciplines; however, there is little data on winter swimming events. Therefore, this study aims to compare the sex differences in female and male winter swimmers for a distinct stroke over distances of 25 m and 200 m in ice water, freezing water and cold water in the multiple stages of the Winter Swimming World Cup, hosted by the International Winter Swimming Association (IWSA) since 2016.

Methods: All data included in this study were obtained from the official results of the Winter Swimming World Cup, published on the "International Winter Swimming Association" (IWSA) website. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare race time between sexes in different swimming strokes and categories of water. In contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences between swimming strokes or water categories for the same sex.

Results: For 25 m and 200 m events of the "IWSA World Cup," male athletes were faster than female athletes, regardless of stroke and water temperature category. However, the effect size of the difference between the sexes was greater in 25 m than in 200 m for all strokes and water temperatures. Swimming speed for the same-sex differed between the swimming stroke in relation to the water temperature category. Head-up breaststroke was found to be the slowest stroke (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: In water temperatures between - 2° and + 9 °C, men were faster than women in all stages of the "IWSA World Cup," regardless of the swimming stroke, but the effect size of the difference between the sexes was greater in shorter than in longer events.

Keywords: Aquatic sports; Cold; Sex; Sport; Swimming; Water temperature.

Fig. 1

Meantime in each swimming stroke by water category for both sexes in 25 m races. *Different between sexes (p < 0.05), # different from the same sex in Cold water (p < 0.05), § different from the same sex in Freezing water (p < 0.05), a Butterfly, b Freestyle, c Head-up Breaststroke

Fig. 2

Meantime for each swimming stroke by water category for both sexes in 200 m races. *Different between sexes (p < 0.05), † different from Cold Water for the same sex (p < 0.05), a Freestyle, b Head-up Breaststroke