Management of Artery-Only Digit Replantation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract

Background: Artery-only replantation may be necessary in circumstances when venous repair cannot be performed due to their size or vessel injury. Venous congestion of the replanted part is inevitable. A systematic review was performed to identify techniques for mitigating congestion and analyze the outcomes of those techniques.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed to identify relevant articles related to artery-only replantation. An initial query identified 1286 unique articles. A total of 55 articles were included in the final review. Included studies were categorized by decongestive technique. Data from each article included the number of patients treated, level of amputation, graft use, anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy, replant viability, and follow-up duration. Weighted averages were determined from studies that reported five or more digits.

Results: A total of 1498 individual digital replantations were described. Very rarely did studies report artery-only replantation proximal to the distal interphalangeal joint. An overall survival rate of 78.5 percent was found irrespective of technique but was variable based on each particular study. Studies utilizing medicinal leech therapy were more likely to report use of intravenous anticoagulation, whereas surface bleeding techniques were more likely to report use of topical or local anticoagulant.

Conclusions: Lack of a vein for anastomosis should not be regarded as a contraindication to replantation. These digits instead require a method to establish reliable drainage sufficient to allow for low resistance inflow and maintain a physiologic pressure gradient across capillary beds. The surgeon should select a decongestive technique that best suits the patient and their specific injury.