Time-dependent and Pb-dependent antagonism and synergism towards Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 within heavy metal mixtures

Abstract

Toxicity interaction has aroused many researchers' interest in the combined toxicity of pollutants. Recently, some published studies have shown that the toxicity of some mixture pollutants is time dependent and well correlated with certain components in the mixture. Therefore, to investigate whether toxicity interaction is affected by the exposure time or certain components, synergism and antagonism within typical environmental contaminants of heavy metal mixtures were analyzed in different exposure times. Herein, three binary and one ternary mixture systems were designed by using three heavy metals: cadmium chloride, lead chloride (Pb) and manganese(ii) chloride tetrahydrate (Mn). For each mixture system, five mixture rays with different concentration ratios were arranged by direct equipartition ray design and uniform design ray methods. The toxicities of the three heavy metals and 20 mixture rays towards photobacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) were determined by the established time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis (t-MTA) in different exposure durations of 0.25, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h. It was shown that the toxicities of three heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Mn) as well as their binary and ternary mixture rays to Q67 were also time dependent, but different metals or mixture rays showed different time characteristics. Surprisingly, some mixture rays exhibited antagonism or synergism with time dependency and the time characteristics varied in different mixture systems. Furthermore, the binary or ternary mixture systems with Pb displayed antagonism, while the Cd-Mn mixture system without Pb exhibited additive action or synergism, which indicated that Pb was probably the causative agent of antagonism produced by mixtures.

Fig. 1. The concentration–response relationship of five rays in Cd–Pb binary mixture system towards Q67 in three exposure times of 4, 8, and 12 h, where the black scatters refer to the experimental points, blue lines to the 95% confidential intervals, black solid lines to the fitted CRCs and red solid lines to the CRCs predicted by CA.

Fig. 2. The concentration–response relationship of five rays in Cd–Mn binary mixture system towards Q67 in three exposure times of 4, 8, and 12 h, where the black scatters refer to the experimental points, blue lines to the 95% confidential intervals, black solid lines to the fitted CRCs, and red solid line to the CRCs predicted by CA.

Fig. 3. The concentration–response relationship of five rays in Pb–Mn binary mixture system towards Q67 in three exposure times of 4, 8, and 12 h, where the black scatters refer to the experimental points, blue lines to the 95% confidential intervals, black solid lines to the fitted CRCs, and red solid line to the CRCs predicted by CA.

Fig. 4. The concentration–response relationship of five rays in Pb–Cd–Mn ternary mixture system towards Q67 in three exposure times of 4, 8, and 12 h, where the black scatters refer to the experimental points, blue lines to the 95% confidential intervals, black solid lines to the fitted CRCs, and red solid line to the CRCs predicted by CA.