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Review
. 2022 Jun:64:102231.
doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102231. Epub 2022 Apr 14.

COVID-19 and retinal degenerative diseases: Promising link "Kaempferol"

Arman Firoz  1 , Priti Talwar  2
Affiliations
Review

COVID-19 and retinal degenerative diseases: Promising link "Kaempferol"

Arman Firoz et al. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2022 Jun.

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has caused unprecedented global disruption since 2020. Approximately 238 million people are affected worldwide where the elderly succumb to mortality. Post-COVID syndrome and its side effects have popped up with several health hazards, such as macular degeneration and vision loss. It thus necessitates better medical care and management of our dietary practices. Natural flavonoids have been included in traditional medicine and have also been used safely against COVID-19 and several other diseases. Kaempferol is an essential flavonoid that has been demonstrated to influence several vital cellular signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and autophagy. In this review, we emphasize the plausible regulatory effects of Kaempferol on hallmarks of COVID-19 and macular degeneration.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest statement Nothing declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ultimate inflammasome activation and multiorgan damage under SARS-CoV-2 infection. SAR-CoV-2 downregulates ACE2 expression which leads to the accumulation of angiotensin II and upregulation of proinflammatory mediators; green circle entitled with P represents phosphorylation; arrow represents the induction.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Diagrammatic abstract of kaempferol against molecular web of pathogenesis. Kaempferol – (PubChem CID5280863); ER, Endoplasmic reticulum.
Figure 3
Figure 3
NLRP3 signalling and inflammasome formation. Kaempferol mitigates the cytokine storm by inhibiting caspase activation; Dotted arrow (Translocation into nucleus); Red formula image represents the inhibition); Kaempferol- (PubChem CID5280863).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Potential benefits of kaempferol against oxidative stress in COVID-19 and retinal degeneration. Yellow spots represent the lipofuscin accumulation inside the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE); PR, Photoreceptors; BM, Bruch's membrane; CC, Choriocapillaris.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Modulation of autophagy by SARS-CoV-2. Kaempferol enhances the maturation of autophagosome to autolysosome in autophagy; DMV, Double-membrane vesicle; ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum; LC3, Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; PLpro-TM, membrane-anchored papain-like protease; NSP6, Non-structural Protein 6; Arrow shows the induction; Red formula image represents the inhibition.
Figure 6
Figure 6
SARS-CoV-2 infection and UPR; S, SARS-CoV spike protein; E, SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein; 3a/ORF3a, SARS-CoV-2 Open Reading Frame 3a; Arrow shows the activation; Red formula image represents the inhibition.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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