Prognostic Factors and Histopathological Features of Pediatric Intracranial Ependymomas: Nationwide Brain Tumor Registry-based Study of Japan

Abstract

To assess the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of pediatric intracranial ependymomas and to explore the current diagnostic practice, we analyzed clinical data from the Brain Tumor Registry of Japan (BTRJ). Data of fifty children under 18 years of age diagnosed with intracranial ependymoma were extracted from the BTRJ database. Cases were reviewed for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), with attention to gender, preoperative Karnofsky performance status score, location of the tumor, the extent of resection, World Health Organization (WHO) histopathological grading, and adjuvant therapy. The median age at diagnosis was 6.1 years, ranging from 7 months to 17.6 years. Based on the WHO histopathological grading, 27 patients were classified under grade 2 (54%) and 23 patients were classified under grade 3 (46%). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 30 patients (60%). The median follow-up time was 65 months. Five-year PFS and OS were 47.2 ± 7.3% and 73.3 ± 6.7%, respectively. GTR was associated with longer OS (P = 0.02). The histopathological grading was not an independent prognostic factor for the OS. Mitosis and microvascular proliferation were higher among patients with grade 3 than in those with grade 2, which aided in deciding the WHO grade. This nationwide study revealed the characteristics and outcomes of patients with childhood ependymomas. GTR was the factor most consistently associated with improved survival. In contrast, the histopathological grading in this cohort was not a significant prognostic factor. More reproducible and practical criteria for the diagnosis of intracranial ependymomas should be further pursued in future studies.

Keywords: histopathological grading; pediatric ependymoma; prognostic factors.

Fig. 1

Kaplan-Meier survival curves of pediatric intracranial ependymomas from the Brain Tumor Registry of Japan. A: Progression-free survival (PFS) of all cases. B: Overall survival (OS) of all cases. C: Gross total resection (GTR) was significantly associated with the OS (P = 0.02). D: There was no significant difference in survival between the WHO histopathological grades 2 and 3 (P = 0.78).