Radiopharmacokinetics of Graphene Quantum Dots Nanoparticles In vivo: Comparing the Pharmacokinetics Parameters in Long and Short Periods

Affiliations

¹ Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil.
² Laboratory of Biosystems, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, 25071-202, Brazil.
³ School of Pharmacy, Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170, Brazil.
⁴ Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 451-970, Brazil.
⁵ Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
⁶ Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21940000 Brazil.
⁷ Politécnico, Quito 170910, Ecuador, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ.
⁸ Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmaco-engineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
⁹ State University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro, 23070200 Brazil.

PMID: 35549877
DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220512150625

Radiopharmacokinetics of Graphene Quantum Dots Nanoparticles In vivo: Comparing the Pharmacokinetics Parameters in Long and Short Periods

Matheus Keuper Bastos et al. Curr Top Med Chem. 2022.

. 2022;22(30):2527-2533.

doi: 10.2174/1568026622666220512150625.

Affiliations

¹ Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil.
² Laboratory of Biosystems, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, 25071-202, Brazil.
³ School of Pharmacy, Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170, Brazil.
⁴ Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 451-970, Brazil.
⁵ Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
⁶ Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21940000 Brazil.
⁷ Politécnico, Quito 170910, Ecuador, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ.
⁸ Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmaco-engineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
⁹ State University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro, 23070200 Brazil.

PMID: 35549877
DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220512150625

Abstract

Background: Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained great importance during the last decades for developing new therapeutics with improved outcomes for biomedical applications due to their nanoscale size, surface properties, loading capacity, controlled drug release, and distribution. Among the carbon-based nanomaterials, one of the most biocompatible forms of graphene is graphene quantum dots (GQDs). GQDs are obtained by converting 2D graphene into zero-dimensional graphene nanosheets. Moreover, very few reports in the literature reported the pharmacokinetic studies proving the safety and effectiveness of GQDs for in vivo applications.

Objectives: This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of GQDs radiolabeled with ^99mTc, administered intravenously, in rodents (Wistar rats) in two conditions: short and long periods, to compare and understand the biological behavior.

Methods: The graphene quantum dots were produced and characterized by RX diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed following the radiopharmacokinetics concepts, using radiolabeled graphene quantum dots with technetium 99 metastable (99mTc). The radiolabeling process of the graphene quantum dots with 99mTc was performed by the direct via.

Results: The results indicate that the pharmacokinetic analyses with GQDs over a longer period were more accurate. Following a bicompartmental model, the long-time analysis considers each pharmacokinetic phase of drugs into the body. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that short-time analysis could lead to distortions in pharmacokinetic parameters, leading to misinterpretations.

Conclusion: The evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of GQDs over long periods is more meaningful than the evaluation over short periods.

Keywords: 99mTc labeling; GQDs.; Graphene quantum dots; In vivo analyses; Nanoparticles; Pharmacokinetics.

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Nanostructured Lipoxin A4: Understanding Its Biological Behavior and Impact on Alzheimer's Disease (Proof of Concept).
Gomes-da-Silva NC, Xavier-de-Britto I, Soares MAG, Yoshihara NMA, Ilem Özdemir D, Ricci-Junior E, Fechine PBA, Alencar LMR, Henriques MDGMO, Barja-Fidalgo TC, Follmer C, Santos-Oliveira R. Gomes-da-Silva NC, et al. Pharmaceutics. 2025 May 15;17(5):649. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17050649. Pharmaceutics. 2025. PMID: 40430939 Free PMC article.

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Radiopharmacokinetics of Graphene Quantum Dots Nanoparticles In vivo: Comparing the Pharmacokinetics Parameters in Long and Short Periods

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Radiopharmacokinetics of Graphene Quantum Dots Nanoparticles In vivo: Comparing the Pharmacokinetics Parameters in Long and Short Periods

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