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Review
. 2022 Apr 26:10:872430.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.872430. eCollection 2022.

Can Neuropeptide S Be an Indicator for Assessing Anxiety in Psychiatric Disorders?

Agnieszka Markiewicz-Gospodarek  1 , Piotr Kuszta  2 , Jacek Baj  1 , Beata Dobrowolska  3 , Renata Markiewicz  4
Affiliations
Review

Can Neuropeptide S Be an Indicator for Assessing Anxiety in Psychiatric Disorders?

Agnieszka Markiewicz-Gospodarek et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide primarily produced within three brainstem regions including locus coeruleus, trigeminal nerve nucleus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. NPS is involved in the central regulation of stress, fear, and cognitive integration. NPS is a mediator of behavior, seeking food, and the proliferation of new adipocytes in the setting of obesity. So far, current research of NPS is only limited to animal models; data regarding its functions in humans is still scarce. Animal studies showed that anxiety and appetite might be suppressed by the action of NPS. The discovery of this neuromodulator peptide is effective considering its strong anxiolytic action, which has the potential to be an interesting therapeutic option in treating neuropsychiatric disorders. In this article, we aimed to analyze the pharmaceutical properties of NPS as well as its influence on several neurophysiological aspects-modulation of behavior, association with obesity, as well as its potential application in rehabilitation and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Keywords: NPS; mental disorders; neurobiology; psychiatric complications; psychiatry.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Picture showing the effects of NPSR1 receptor stimulation (82, 83).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Multifaceted action of neuropeptides (, –25).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mechanism of the stress reaction (–, –, –32, 34, 35).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Functions of neuromarkers and their effects in the process of neurogenesis (own work based on the literature) (, , –44). The limbic system (cerebral cortex, subcortical structures including the amygdala nuclei, hippocampal bend) is involved in the process of perception of a stressful situation (externally and internally conditioned). A stressful situation has a two-stage course and is subject to primary verification by the amygdala and secondary verification by the hippocampus. The amygdala transmits single sensory signals (autonomic and endocrine responses), while the hippocampus transmits the processed and analyzed signals that are directed from the thalamus and areas of the cerebral cortex. The goal of a synchronized stress response system is to restore internal homeostasis. No Stimulation: decreased level of stimulation; Optimal Stimulation: appropriate regulation; Stress: increased level of stimulation; Disturbed Homeostsis: unbalanced homeostasis; both the deficiency and the excess of stimulation cause disturbed homeostasis in the organism.
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