Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Apr 30;23(9):4998.
doi: 10.3390/ijms23094998.

Novel Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease-Latest Insights in the Research Field

Cristina Andreea Adam  1 , Delia Lidia Șalaru  1   2 , Cristina Prisacariu  1   2 , Dragoș Traian Marius Marcu  2 , Radu Andy Sascău  1   2 , Cristian Stătescu  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Novel Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease-Latest Insights in the Research Field

Cristina Andreea Adam et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The atherosclerotic vascular disease is a cardiovascular continuum in which the main role is attributed to atherosclerosis, from its appearance to its associated complications. The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, population ageing, and burden on both the economy and the healthcare system have led to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the field. The better understanding or discovery of new pathophysiological mechanisms and molecules modulating various signaling pathways involved in atherosclerosis have led to the development of potential new biomarkers, with key role in early, subclinical diagnosis. The evolution of technological processes in medicine has shifted the attention of researchers from the profiling of classical risk factors to the identification of new biomarkers such as midregional pro-adrenomedullin, midkine, stromelysin-2, pentraxin 3, inflammasomes, or endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles. These molecules are seen as future therapeutic targets associated with decreased morbidity and mortality through early diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions and future research directions.

Keywords: atherosclerosis; biomarkers; development; inflammasomes; midkine; pentraxins; prognosis; research.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Risk factors associated with the occurrence of atherosclerotic vascular disease (EC: endothelial cell; MR-proADM: midregional pro-adrenomedullin; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Atherosclerotic lesions: histopathological classification, role of lipid accumulation, involved cells, and matrix components in the progression of the atherosclerotic process.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Biomarkers involved in the development and progression of atherosclerotic process (adapted after [12]) (CRP: C reactive protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; GDF-15: growth/differentiation factor-15; MPO: myeloperoxidase; oxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; Lp-PLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; Spla2: phospholipase A2; sCD40L: soluble CD40-ligand; MR-proADM: midregional pro-adrenomedullin).
Figure 4
Figure 4
miRNAs as biomarkers in coronary artery disease (adapted from [116]).
Figure 5
Figure 5
miRNAs as biomarkers in peripheral artery disease (adapted from [116]).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effects of pentraxin 3 (adapted after [150]).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Botts S.R., Fish J.E., Howe K.L. Dysfunctional Vascular Endothelium as a Driver of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Insights into Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front. Pharmacol. 2021;12:787541. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.787541. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Buliga-Finis O.N., Ouatu A., Badescu M.C., Dima N., Tanase D.M., Richter P., Rezus C. Beyond the Cardiorenal Syndrome: Pathophysiological Approaches and Biomarkers for Renal and Cardiac Crosstalk. Diagnostics. 2022;12:773. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12040773. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dai H., Much A.A., Maor E., Asher E., Younis A., Xu Y., Lu Y., Liu X., Shu J., Bragazzi N.L. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Ischaemic Heart Disease and Its Attributable Risk Factors, 1990–2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Eur. Heart J.-Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes. 2022;8:50–60. doi: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa076. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piepoli M.F., Hoes A.W., Agewall S., Albus C., Brotons C., Catapano A.L., Cooney M.-T., Corrà U., Cosyns B., Deaton C., et al. 2016 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by Representatives of 10 Societies and by Invited Experts) Developed with the Special Contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR) Eur. Heart. J. 2016;37:2315–2381. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Olson R.E. Discovery of the Lipoproteins, Their Role in Fat Transport and Their Significance as Risk Factors. J. Nutr. 1998;128:439S–443S. doi: 10.1093/jn/128.2.439S. - DOI - PubMed