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. 2022 Apr 28;19(9):5388.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095388.

Molecular Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Rodents, Humans, Chicken, and Household Soils in Karatu, Northern Tanzania

Valery Silvery Sonola  1   2   3 , Abdul Katakweba  3   4 , Gerald Misinzo  5   6 , Mecky Isaac Matee  6   7
Affiliations

Molecular Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Rodents, Humans, Chicken, and Household Soils in Karatu, Northern Tanzania

Valery Silvery Sonola et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

The interaction of rodents with humans and chicken in the household environment can facilitate transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli), causing infections that are difficult to treat. We investigated the presence of genes encoded for carbapenem, extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), tetracycline and quinolones resistance, and virulence among 50 MDR E. coli isolated from human (n = 14), chicken (n = 12), rodent (n = 10), and soil (n = 14) samples using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) detected were: blaTEM 23/50 (46%), blaCTX-M 13/50 (26%), tetA 23/50 (46%), tetB 7/50 (14%), qnrA 12/50 (24%), qnrB 4/50 (8%), blaOXA-48 6/50 (12%), and blaKPC 3/50 (6%), while blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM-1 were not found. The virulence genes (VGs) found were: ompA 36/50 (72%), traT 13/50 (26%), east 9/50 (18%), bfp 5/50 (10%), eae 1/50 (2%), and stx-1 2/50 (4%), while hlyA and cnf genes were not detected. Resistance (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, tetA, tetB, and qnrA) and virulence (traT) genes were found in all sample sources while stx-1 and eae were only found in chicken and rodent isolates, respectively. Tetracycline resistance phenotypes correlated with genotypes tetA (r = 0.94), tetB (r = 0.90), blaKPC (r = 0.90; blaOXA-48 (r = 0.89), and qnrA (r = 0.96). ESBL resistance was correlated with genotypes blaKPC (r = 0.93), blaOXA-48 (r = 0.90), and qnrA (r = 0.96) resistance. Positive correlations were observed between resistance and virulence genes: qnrB and bfp (r = 0.63) also blaTEM, and traT (r = 0.51). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that tetA, tetB, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, qnrA, and qnrB genes contributed to tetracycline, cefotaxime, and quinolone resistance, respectively. While traT stx-1, bfp, ompA, east, and eae genes contributed to virulence of MDR E. coli isolates. The PCA ellipses show that isolates from rodents had more ARGs and virulence genes compared to those isolated from chicken, soil, and humans.

Keywords: E. coli; PCR; chicken; genes; humans; multidrug-resistant; rodents; soil.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Occurrence of resistance genes in MDR E. coli isolates from different sample types.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Prevalence of virulence genes in different types of the sample source.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Co-occurrence of resistance and virulence genes in isolates from different sample sources.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution of resistance genes in various sample sources.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Distribution of virulence genes in various sample sources.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Principal component analysis of resistance genes of E. coli isolates. The dots represent isolates from different sources of samples, arrows indicate the original variables (resistance genes of the isolates), and ellipses indicate a region that contains 95% of all samples of a particular source.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Principal component analysis for virulence genes of E. coli isolates. The dots represent isolates from different sources of samples, arrows indicate the original variables (virulence genes of the isolates), and ellipses indicate a region that contains 95% of all samples of a particular source.
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