The Influence of Air Pollution on Happiness and Willingness to Pay for Clean Air in the Bohai Rim Area of China

Abstract

Air pollution imposes detrimental impacts on residents' health and the general quality of life. Quantifying the influential mechanism of air pollution on residents' happiness and the economic value brought by environmental quality improvement could provide a scientific basis for the construction of livable cities. This study estimated urban residents' willingness to pay for air pollution abatement by modeling the spatial relationship between air quality and self-rated happiness with a Bayesian multi-level ordinal categorical response model. Using large-scale geo-referenced survey data, collected in the Bohai Rim area of China (including 43 cities), we found that a standard deviation decrease in the number of polluted days over a year was associated with about a 15 percent increase in the odds of reporting a higher degree of happiness, after controlling for a wide range of individual- and city-scale covariate effects. On average, urban residents in the Bohai Rim region were willing to pay roughly 1.42 percent of their average monthly household income for mitigating marginal reductions in air pollution, although great spatial variability was also presented. Together, we hoped that these results could provide solid empirical evidence for China's regional environmental policies aiming to promote individuals' well-being.

Keywords: Bohai Rim area; China; air pollution; multi-level modeling; well-being; willingness to pay.

Figure 1

The conceptual framework of this study.

Figure 2

Spatial distribution of happiness in the Bohai Rim area.

Figure 3

Willingness to pay and its proportion of monthly income from Bohai Rim Area urban residents. Those regions are coded by abbreviation as follows: JN^a—Jinan, TJ—Tianjin, DL—Dalian, ZB—Zibo, QD—Qingdao, DD—Dandong, ZJK—Zhangjiakou, HLD—Huludao, JN^b—Jining, LW—Laiwu, TS—Tangshan, CD—Chengde, TL—Tieling, WF—Weifang, DZ—Dezhou, LY—Linyi, SY—Shenyang, YT—Yantai, LF—Langfang, HS—Hengshui, LY—Liaoyang, ZZ—Zaozhuang, WH—Weihai, BX—Benxi, LC—Liaocheng, BZ—Binzhou, PJ—Panjin, CZ—Cangzhou, JZ—Jinzhou, FX—Fuxin, TA—Tai’an, XT—Xingtai, HD—Handan, SJZ—Shijiazhuang, AS—Anshan, QHD—Qinhuangdao, HZ—Heze, YK—Yingkou, BD—Baoding, RZ—Rizhao, FS—Fushun, CY—Chaoyang, and DY—Dongying.