Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 May 4;19(9):5573.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095573.

Exploring Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mortality Using Weighted Regression Estimation for the Cohort Effect in Taiwan from 1976 to 2015

I-Shiang Tzeng  1   2 , Jiann-Hwa Chen  3
Affiliations

Exploring Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mortality Using Weighted Regression Estimation for the Cohort Effect in Taiwan from 1976 to 2015

I-Shiang Tzeng et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

To estimate the cohort effects that remove the efficacy of age and the period in the age-period statistics of a contingency table, the multiphase method is put forward. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies of the liver. Understanding the predictive effects of age, period, and cohort on HCC mortality trends may help to estimate the future HCC burden, identify etiological factors, and advise public health prevention programs. Estimates of future HCC mortality and the associated health burden were forecast using an age-period-cohort (APC) model of analysis. By running a regression of residuals that were isolated from the median polish stage of cohort classification, the study controlled for HCC mortality confounding variables and interpreted time trends in HCC rates. The literature shows that the weighted mean estimation derived from the confidence interval (CI) is relatively restricted (compared to the equal-weighted evaluation). This study aimed to illustrate the effects of age, period, and cohort on the incidence and mortality rates, along with the weight equivalent to the segment of death number caused by HCC in each cohort. The objective of that work was to evaluate the proposed method for appraising cohort effects within the age-period data of contingency tables. The weighted mean estimate from the regression model was found to be robust and thus warrants consideration in forecasting future HCC mortality trends. The final phase was factored in to calculate the magnitude of cohort effects. In conclusion, owing to the relatively constricted CI and small degree of uncertainty, the weighted mean estimates can be used for projections based on simple linear extrapolation.

Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma; regression model; weighted cohort effect.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
HCC mortality rates for age and period groups in men.
Figure 2
Figure 2
HCC mortality rates for age and period groups in women.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Weighted and unweighted cohort effects with 95% CI for men.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Weighted and unweighted cohort effects with 95% CI for women.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Long-term trends in HCC mortalities from 1976 to 2015 for men and women.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Balogh J., Victor D., 3rd, Asham E.H., Burroughs S.G., Boktour M., Saharia A., Li X., Ghobrial R.M., Monsour H.P., Jr. Hepatocellular carcinoma: A review. J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma. 2016;3:41–53. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S61146. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Global Cancer Observatory. [(accessed on 14 March 2022)]. Available online: https://gco.iarc.fr/
    1. McGlynn K.A., Tsao L., Hsing A.W., Devesa S.S., Fraumeni J.F., Jr. International trends and patterns of primary liver cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2001;94:290–296. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1456. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bosch F.X., Ribes J., Diaz M., Cleries R. Primary liver cancer: Worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:5S–16S. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.011. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Keyes K.M., Li G. A multiphase method for estimating cohort effects in age-period contingency table data. Ann. Epidemiol. 2010;20:779–785. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.03.006. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types