Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: Biological and Pharmacological Properties. A Review

Abstract

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP)is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant, commonly known as purple coneflower and it belongs to the Asteraceae family. The Echinacea genus is originally from North America, in the United States, and its species are widely distributed throughout. There are nine different species of Echinacea, but only three of them are used as medicinal plants with wide therapeutic uses: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. and Echinacea angustifolia DC. Several significant groups of bioactive compounds with pharmacological activities have been isolated from Echinacea species. Numerous beneficial effects have been demonstrated about these compounds. The immunomodulatory effect was initially demonstrated, but over time other effects have also been highlighted. The present review gives a comprehensive summary of the chemical constituents, bioactive compounds, biological effects and therapeutical uses of purple coneflower. Research shows that such a well-known and recognized species needs to be further studied to obtain efficient products with a guarantee of the safety.

Keywords: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial; antioxidant effect; antiviral; bioactive compounds; cannabinomimetic; immunomodulatory.

Figure 1

Evolution of the number of articles and reviews about Echinacea sp. and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench [9,10].

Figure 2

Publications by scientific categories indexed in Scopus [9].

Figure 3

Prisma flow diagram for a description of the selection process of the bibliographic sources.

Figure 4

Structure of major compounds.

Figure 5

Properties of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.