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. 2022 Apr 28:10:861390.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.861390. eCollection 2022.

Learning to Cycle: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Generational Comparison

Rita Cordovil  1 , Cristiana Mercê  1   2 , Marco Branco  1   2 , Frederico Lopes  3 , David Catela  4 , Elina Hasanen  5 , Arto Laukkanen  5 , Patrizia Tortella  6 , Guido Fumagalli  7 , Cristina Sá  8 , Boris Jidovtseff  9 , Linus Zeuwts  10 , An De Meester  11 , Farid Bardid  12 , Ricardo Fujikawa  13 , Sanne Veldman  14   15 , Silvija Zlatar  16 , Isaac Estevan  17
Affiliations

Learning to Cycle: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Generational Comparison

Rita Cordovil et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Learning to cycle is an important milestone for children, but the popularity of cycling and the environmental factors that promote the development and practice of this foundational movement skill vary among cultures and across time. This present study aimed to investigate if country of residence and the generation in which a person was born influence the age at which people learn to cycle.

Methods: Data were collected through an online survey between November 2019 and December 2020. For this study, a total of 9,589 responses were obtained for adults (self-report) and children (parental report) living in 10 countries (Portugal, Italy, Brazil, Finland, Spain, Belgium, United Kingdom, Mexico, Croatia, and the Netherlands). Participants were grouped according to their year of birth with 20-year periods approximately corresponding to 3 generations: 1960-79 (generation X; n = 2,214); 1980-99 (generation Y; n = 3,994); 2000-2019 (generation Z; n = 3,381).

Results: A two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of country, F(9,8628) = 90.17, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.086, and generation, F(2,8628) = 47.21, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.122, on the age at which individuals learn to cycle. Countries with the lowest learning age were the Netherlands, Finland and Belgium and countries with the highest learning age were Brazil and Mexico. Furthermore, the age at which one learns to cycle has decreased across generations. There was also a significant country x generation interaction effect on learning age, F(18,8628) = 2.90, p < 0.001; however, this effect was negligible ( ηp2 = 0.006).

Conclusions: These findings support the socio-ecological perspective that learning to cycle is a process affected by both proximal and distal influences, including individual, environment and time.

Keywords: active travel; children; country; cycling; generation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mean age to learn how to cycle independently by country. Error bars represent 95% CI.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean age to learn how to cycle independently by generation. Error bars represent 95% CI.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean age to learn how to cycle independently by generation and country. Error bars represent 95% CI.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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