Occupational-Related Upper and Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Pain Among Working Population of Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Currently, work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a significant public health concern and are a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years and reduced quality of life worldwide. In developing countries, including Ethiopia, as a result of poor occupational health and safety practices and underreporting of the problems, work-related musculoskeletal disorders have been increased, remaining less prioritized, and there is no adequate evidence on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, the current study aimed to determine and provide the overall prevalence of occupational-related upper and lower extremity musculoskeletal pain among the working population of Ethiopia.

Methods: The current study considered full-text articles conducted in Ethiopia, written in English, and published from 2017 to 2020. Ten electronic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, MedNar, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online database were used to search the articles using a combination of Boolean logic operators (AND, OR, and NOT), Medical Subject Headings, and main keywords. The quality assessment of the articles was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools to determine the relevance of the article to the current study.

Results: Of the 1377 articles identified from the included electronic databases, 12 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The study found that the pooled prevalence of occupational-related elbow pain, wrist/hand pain, knee/leg pain, foot/ankle pain, and hip/thigh pain in the previous one year was 19.7% (95% CI: 12.3, 30.1), 24.2% (95% CI: 17.4, 32.7), 25.0% (95% CI: 18.5, 32.8), 20.2% (95% CI: 12.8, 30.4), and 15.5% (95% CI: 9.9, 23.4), respectively. Based on a subgroup analysis, the last year's pooled prevalence of occupational-related elbow, wrist/hand, knee/leg, foot/ankle, and hip/thigh pain was increased to 33.7% [95% CI: 31.9, 35.5], 29.7% [95% CI: 28.2, 31.2], 31.5% [95% CI: 29.9, 33.2], 30.6% [95% CI: 29.0, 32.4], and 27.3% [95% CI: 25.5, 29.2], respectively.

Conclusion: Occupational-related musculoskeletal disorders continue to have a potential impact on workers' health and productivity. The current study found that the overall pooled prevalence of occupational-related upper and lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders in the last year ranged from 15.5 to 33.7%. Implementing occupational health and safety measures play an important role in preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders and other occupational hazards.

Keywords: disorders; ergonomic hazards; lower extremity; musculoskeletal; occupational health; pain; upper extremity.

Figure 1.

Study selection process of included articles for a systematic review and Meta-analysis, 2020.

Figure 2.

Forest plot shows the pooled prevalence of occupational-related elbow pain in the previous one year, 2020.

Figure 3.

Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of pooled prevalence of occupational-related elbow pain in the previous one year based on the study population, 2020.

Figure 4.

Forest plot shows the pooled prevalence of occupational-related wrist and/or hand pain in the previous one year, 2020.

Figure 5.

Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of pooled prevalence of occupational-related wrist and/or hand pain in the previous one year based on the study population, 2020.

Figure 6.

Forest plot shows the pooled prevalence of occupational-related knee and/or leg pain in the previous one year, 2020.

Figure 7.

Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of pooled prevalence of occupational-related knee and/or leg pain in the previous one year based on the study population, 2020.

Figure 8.

Forest plot shows the pooled prevalence of occupational-related foot and/or ankle pain in the previous one year, 2020.

Figure 9.

Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of pooled prevalence of occupational-related foot and/or ankle pain in the previous one year based on the study population, 2020.

Figure 10.

Forest plot shows the pooled prevalence of occupational-related hip and/or thigh pain in the previous one year, 2020.

Figure 11.

Forest plot shows the subgroup analysis of pooled prevalence of occupational-related hip and/or thigh pain in the previous one year based on the study population, 2020.