Exploring the Genetic Architecture of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Using Whole-Genome Sequencing

Abstract

Background: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a cause of acute coronary syndrome that predominantly affects women. Its pathophysiology remains unclear but connective tissue disorders (CTD) and other vasculopathies have been observed in many SCAD patients. A genetic component for SCAD is increasingly appreciated, although few genes have been robustly implicated. We sought to clarify the genetic cause of SCAD using targeted and genome-wide methods in a cohort of sporadic cases to identify both common and rare disease-associated variants.

Methods: A cohort of 91 unrelated sporadic SCAD cases was investigated for rare, deleterious variants in genes associated with either SCAD or CTD, while new candidate genes were sought using rare variant collapsing analysis and identification of novel loss-of-function variants in genes intolerant to such variation. Finally, 2 SCAD polygenic risk scores were applied to assess the contribution of common variants.

Results: We identified 10 cases with at least one rare, likely disease-causing variant in CTD-associated genes, although only one had a CTD phenotype. No genes were significantly associated with SCAD from genome-wide collapsing analysis, however, enrichment for TGF (transforming growth factor)-β signaling pathway genes was found with analysis of 24 genes harboring novel loss-of-function variants. Both polygenic risk scores demonstrated that sporadic SCAD cases have a significantly elevated genetic SCAD risk compared with controls.

Conclusions: SCAD shares some genetic overlap with CTD, even in the absence of any major CTD phenotype. Consistent with a complex genetic architecture, SCAD patients also have a higher burden of common variants than controls.

Keywords: acute coronary syndrome; connective tissue; genetic predisposition to disease; genome; phenotype.

Figure 1.

Summary of pathogenic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion/deletions (INDELs) across CTD and vasculopathy genes identified in SCAD cases.

Figure 2.

Polygenic Risk Score percentile amongst SCAD and dilated cardiomyopathy patients relative to MGRB control samples. Control scores were used to create a reference distribution of scores. Violin plots indicate the percentile score distribution relative to the control distribution, while boxplots indicate the score quartiles.