PARIS and SPARTA: Finding the Achilles' Heel of SARS-CoV-2

Viviana Simon^{1

2

3

4

5}, Vamsi Kota⁶, Ryan F Bloomquist⁷, Hannah B Hanley⁸, David Forgacs⁸, Savita Pahwa⁹, Suresh Pallikkuth⁹, Loren G Miller^{10

11}, Joanna Schaenman¹⁰, Michael R Yeaman^{10

11}, David Manthei¹², Joshua Wolf¹³, Aditya H Gaur¹³, Jeremie H Estepp¹³, Komal Srivastava¹, Juan Manuel Carreño¹, Frans Cuevas¹; PARIS/SPARTA Study Group,; Ali H Ellebedy^{14

15

16}, Aubree Gordon¹², Riccardo Valdez¹⁷, Sarah Cobey¹⁸, Elaine F Reed¹⁹, Ravindra Kolhe^{20

6

7}, Paul G Thomas¹³, Stacey Schultz-Cherry¹³, Ted M Ross^{8

21}, Florian Krammer^{1

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
² Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
³ The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
⁵ Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
⁶ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta Universitygrid.410427.4, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
⁷ Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta Universitygrid.410427.4, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
⁸ Center for Vaccine and Immunology, University of Georgiagrid.213876.9, Athens, Georgia, USA.
⁹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAgrid.471398.0, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹¹ Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.
¹² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
¹³ Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁵ Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁶ Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAgrid.471398.0, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²⁰ Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta Universitygrid.410427.4, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
²¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgiagrid.213876.9, Athens, Georgia, USA.

PMID: 35586986
PMCID: PMC9241545
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00179-22

PARIS and SPARTA: Finding the Achilles' Heel of SARS-CoV-2

Viviana Simon et al. mSphere. 2022.

. 2022 Jun 29;7(3):e0017922.

doi: 10.1128/msphere.00179-22. Epub 2022 May 19.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
² Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
³ The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
⁵ Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaigrid.59734.3c, New York, New York, USA.
⁶ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta Universitygrid.410427.4, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
⁷ Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta Universitygrid.410427.4, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
⁸ Center for Vaccine and Immunology, University of Georgiagrid.213876.9, Athens, Georgia, USA.
⁹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAgrid.471398.0, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹¹ Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.
¹² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
¹³ Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁵ Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁶ Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAgrid.471398.0, Los Angeles, California, USA.
²⁰ Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta Universitygrid.410427.4, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
²¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgiagrid.213876.9, Athens, Georgia, USA.

PMID: 35586986
PMCID: PMC9241545
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00179-22

Abstract

To understand reinfection rates and correlates of protection for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we established eight different longitudinal cohorts in 2020 under the umbrella of the PARIS (Protection Associated with Rapid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2)/SPARTA (SARS SeroPrevalence And Respiratory Tract Assessment) studies. Here, we describe the PARIS/SPARTA cohorts, the harmonized assays and analysis that are performed across the cohorts, as well as case definitions for SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection that have been established by the team of PARIS/SPARTA investigators. IMPORTANCE Determining reinfection rates and correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection induced by both natural infection and vaccination is of high significance for the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, understanding reinfections or infection after vaccination and the role immune escape plays in these scenarios will inform the need for updates of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and help update guidelines suitable for the postpandemic world.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antibodies; cohort study; reinfection.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare a conflict of interest. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays (inventors named FK, VS) and NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (inventor named FK). FK would also like to note the following, which could be perceived as a conflict of interest: He has previously published work on influenza virus vaccines with S. Gilbert (University of Oxford), has consulted for Curevac, Merck and Pfizer (before 2020), is currently consulting for Pfizer, Seqirus, Third Rock Ventures and Avimex, his laboratory is collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS-CoV-2, his laboratory is collaborating with N. Pardi at the University of Pennsylvania on mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, his laboratory was working in the past with GlaxoSmithKline on the development of influenza virus vaccines and two of his mentees have recently joined Moderna. RK reports consulting fees, honoraria, travel funding, and research support from Illumina, QIAGEN, and Perkin Elmer which manufactures SARS-CoV-2 testing and sequencing kits.

Figures

**FIG 1**
Overview of the PARIS/SPARTA cohorts. (A) Geographic location of the different sites in the United States. Blue stars indicate sites supported by 75N93019C00051, red stars indicate sites supported by 75N93019C00052. (B) Timeline of the pandemic in the United States and the establishment of the different cohorts. The U.S. map in panel A was used as permitted under a CC0 license (source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_USA,_w_territories.svg).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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PARIS and SPARTA: Finding the Achilles' Heel of SARS-CoV-2

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PARIS and SPARTA: Finding the Achilles' Heel of SARS-CoV-2

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