Temporal trends in the prevalence of metabolically healthy overweight and obesity in Korean youth: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2019

Abstract

Purpose: Metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO) are distinct clinical phenotypes classified by the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in an individual. In the present study, we investigated temporal trends in the prevalence of MHO in Korean adolescents using nationally representative data.

Methods: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2019 were used in this study. A total of 5,667 adolescents (3,014 boys, 53.2%) aged 10-18 years was included in this study. MHO was defined as a body mass index ≥85th percentile for the corresponding age and sex and absence of any cardiometabolic risk factors.

Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity showed an increasing trend from 18.8% (boys 17.3% and girls 20.6%) in 2011 to 23.7% (boys 24.0% and girls 23.5%) in 2019 (p for trend=0.045). The overall prevalence of MHO during 2011-2019 was 39.2%, which was higher in girls than in boys (boys 33.5%, girls 46.2%, p<0.001), and the change in prevalence of MHO from 2011 to 2019 (from 34.8% to 35.7%) was not significant. Among MUO, the most prevalent cardiometabolic risk factor was dysglycemia (48.8%), followed by elevated blood pressure (41.5%), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (35.0%), and high triglycerides (29.7%).

Conclusion: We observed a high prevalence of MHO in Korean youth with overweight/obesity. Although the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased, the prevalence of MHO was stable during 2011-2019. A risk-stratified approach based on metabolic health status can help reducing the medical and socioeconomic costs associated with obesity treatment.

Keywords: Adolescent; Child; Metabolically benign; Obesity; Overweight; Pediatric obesity; Prevalence.

Fig. 1.

Prevalence of total (A) and sex-specific MUO, MHO, and normal weight (B) youth in Korea by year. MUO, metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity; MHO, metabolically healthy overweight/obesity; M, male; F, female.

Fig. 2.

Prevalence of total (A) and sex-specific MHO and MUO among overweight/obese (B) Korean youth by year. MUO, metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity; MHO, metabolically healthy overweight/obesity; M, male; F, female.