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. 2022 May 11;8(5):e09401.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09401. eCollection 2022 May.

Rapid analysis to distinguish porcine and bovine gelatin using PANI/NiO nanoparticles modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor

Fredy Kurniawan  1   2 , Ari Nugroho  1 , Rangga Aji Baskara  1 , Lourentia Candle  1 , Diwasasri Pradini  1 , Kartika A Madurani  1 , Raden Djarot Sugiarso  1 , Hendro Juwono  1
Affiliations

Rapid analysis to distinguish porcine and bovine gelatin using PANI/NiO nanoparticles modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor

Fredy Kurniawan et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Rapid analysis to distinguish porcine and bovine gelatin using a modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor has been studied. The PANI was deposited on the sensor surface using electropolymerization, and then nickel nanoparticles were deposited by layer by layer (LbL) technique. The modified QCM sensor's performance was compared to an unmodified sensor in porcine and bovine gelatin at neutral, acidic, and alkaline conditions. The result shows that the unmodified sensor cannot distinguish between porcine and bovine gelatin, whereas the modified QCM sensor produces a different response. Porcine gelatin shows an increasing frequency response, but in contrast, bovine gelatin decreases frequency response at the alkaline condition. The time response was 2 min with a detection limit of 51.2 ppm and 8.7 ppm for porcine and bovine gelatin, respectively. Further investigation shows that the modified sensor can analyze porcine gelatin contamination in the a mixed gelatin sample.

Keywords: Bovine gelatin; Detection; Fast analysis; Frequency; Marshmallow; Porcine gelatin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic picture of the QCM system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The fabrication steps of PANI/NiO nanoparticles modified QCM sensor (a–d) and its surface image (by optical microscope (e–h) and SEM (i–l).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Real-time response of the PANI/NiO nanoparticles modified QCM sensor in the standard gelatin solution of bovine (a–c) and porcine (d–f). The measurement was carried out at neutral (a and d), acidic (b and e), and alkaline (c and f) conditions. All measurement was conducted at room temperature for 10 min.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Possible interaction of bovine (a) and porcine gelatin (b) on the PANI/NiO nanoparticles modified QCM sensor at alkaline condition.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Real-time response of the PANI/NiO nanoparticles modified QCM sensor for marshmallow sample in variant types. All measurement was conducted at room temperature for 10 min.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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