Flow-based allergen testing: Can mast cells beat basophils?

Abstract

The basophil activation test (BAT) has emerged as a reliable complementary diagnostic to document IgE-dependent allergies and to study cross-reactivity between structural homologues. However, the BAT has some weaknesses that hinder a wider application. The BAT requires fresh blood samples and is lost as a diagnostic in patients showing a non-responder status of their cells. The BAT is difficult to standardize mainly because of the difficulty to perform batch analyses. In contrast, mast cell activation tests (MATs), using passively sensitized mast cells (MCs) with patients' sera (henceforth indicated as passive MAT; pMAT), use serum samples that can be frozen, stored, and shipped to a reference center experienced in MC lines and/or cultures and capable of offering batch testing. With the recent recognition of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) occupation as a putative mechanism of immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions, the MAT has another advantage compared to the BAT. MCs, in contrast to resting basophils, express the MRGPRX2 and can therefore be used to study this IgE-independent mechanism. This review provides a status update of pMAT in the diagnosis of allergic IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and speculates how direct activation of MCs via the MRGPRX2 receptor could advance paradigms for this non-allergic hypersensitivity.

Keywords: Basophils; Flow cytometry; Hypersensitivity; IgE; MRGPRX2; Mast cells.