Non-structural proteins of bovine viral diarrhea virus

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae genus pestivirus. The viral genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA that encodes four structural proteins (i.e., C, Erns, E1, and E2) and eight non-structural proteins (NSPs) (i.e., Npro, p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B). Cattle infected with BVDV exhibit a number of different clinical signs including diarrhea, abortion, and other reproductive disorders which have a serious impact on the cattle industry worldwide. Research on BVDV mainly focuses on its structural protein, however, progress in understanding the functions of the NSPs of BVDV has also been made in recent decades. The knowledge gained on the BVDV non-structural proteins is helpful to more fully understand the viral replication process and the molecular mechanism of viral persistent infection. This review focuses on the functions of BVDV NSPs and provides references for the identification of BVDV, the diagnosis and prevention of Bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease (BVD-MD), and the development of vaccines.

Keywords: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV); Functions; Nonstructural proteins (NSPs); Vaccine.

Fig. 1

The schematic diagram of the genome and morphological structure of BVDV [30]

Fig. 2

Co-regulated transcriptional induction of IFN-β by IRFs and NF-кB during CpBVDV-1 infection [44]. P65 and p50 are subunits of NF-κB. IRF: IFN-regulatory factor

Fig. 3

Replication of pestiviral genome and morphogenesis of virions in the presence and absence of uncleaved NS2–NS3 (NS2–3) [58]

Fig. 4

BVDV NS4B inhibits the RLR-mediated signaling pathway [68]

Fig. 5

NIBP–NS5A interaction and its regulation on the NF-κB pathway [72]