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Review
. 2022;28(3):213-227.
doi: 10.5114/pedm.2022.115202.

Pituitary stalk thickening in patients under 18 years of age - the most common causes and diagnostic procedures

Affiliations
Review

Pituitary stalk thickening in patients under 18 years of age - the most common causes and diagnostic procedures

Elżbieta Moszczyńska et al. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2022.

Abstract

Introduction: Pituitary stalk thickening (PST) is a rare abnormality in children, and it may be challenging due to its diverse clinical picture.

Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to summarize the data on the causes and diagnostic procedures of PST.

Material and methods: Papers were searched in the PubMed database identifying published randomized clinical trials, reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports.

Results: The most common causes of a thickened pituitary stalk in children are germ cell tumours (GCTs), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), and lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis (LINH). Neurosarcoidosis, pituitary tuberculosis, granulomatosis, or specific inflammations were only reported in the paediatric population as case studies. PST mainly affects teenagers and is often detected with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI). It is not possible to differentiate the causes of PST with the use of the MRI image alone. Although various biochemical and oncological markers and other imaging tests are used, the diagnosis of PST remains a significant diagnostic challenge for clinicians. The final diagnosis is made based on histopathological examination. The indications for a biopsy are not uniform. Most experts, including the authors of the 2021 British consensus, recommend biopsy in the case of PST with a stalk lesion diameter ≥ 6.5-7 mm.

Conclusions: The differential diagnosis of PST is a challenge. The diagnostic and treatment strategy should be individually adapted. Patients should be diagnosed in large clinical centres with experience in this field.

Wstęp: Pogrubienie szypuły przysadki (PST) jest rzadką nieprawidłowością u dzieci i trudnym problemem diagnostycznym ze względu na zróżnicowany obraz kliniczny.

Cel pracy: Podsumowanie danych dotyczących etiologii i diagnostyki PST.

Materiał i metody: Przegląd publikacji bazy PubMed obejmujący badania kliniczne z randomizacją, przeglądy systematyczne, metaanalizy, opisy przypadków.

Wyniki: Najczęstszymi przyczynami PST u dzieci są guzy zarodkowe (GCTs), histiocytoza z komórek Langerhansa (LCH) i limfocytarne zapalenie części nerwowej i szypuły przysadki (LINH). Z kolei neurosarkoidoza, gruźlica przysadki, ziarniniakowatość lub inne specyficzne stany zapalne przysadki w populacji pediatrycznej stanowią jedynie opisy przypadków. PST dotyczy głównie nastolatków i jest często wykrywane za pomocą rezonansu magnetycznego (MRI) mózgu u pacjentów z centralną moczówką prostą (CDI). Nie jest możliwe różnicowanie przyczyn PST na podstawie samego obrazu MRI. Pomimo dostępności markerów biochemicznych, onkologicznych oraz innych badań obrazowych rozpoznanie przyczyny PST pozostaje istotnym wyzwaniem diagnostycznym dla klinicystów. Ostateczną diagnozę stawia się na podstawie badania histopatologicznego. Wskazania do biopsji nie są jednolite. Większość ekspertów, w tym autorzy konsensusu brytyjskiego z 2021 r., zalecają biopsję w przypadku PST o średnicy zmiany w szypule ≥ 6,5–7 mm.

Wnioski: Diagnostyka różnicowa PST jest wyzwaniem. Strategia diagnostyczna i leczenie powinny być dostosowane indywidualnie do pacjenta i należy je przeprowadzać w dużych ośrodkach klinicznych mających doświadczenie w tej dziedzinie.

Keywords: diabetes insipidus; germinoma; histiocytosis; pituitary stalk thickening; children.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

none declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
T1-weighted images, sagittal plane. A) 10-year-old boy with germinoma involving pituitary stalk. Pituitary stalk thickening (9 × 8 mm). B) 2-year-old girl with multifocal histiocytosis with involvement of hypothalamic-pituitary region. Pituitary stalk thickening (3.5 mm). C) 16-year-old girl with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Pituitary stalk thickening (4 mm), enlargement of the pituitary gland (11 × 14 × 10 mm), in the intermediate lobe hypointense lesion (8 × 4 × 5.5 mm) – pituitary cyst. D) 5-year-old boy with hyperintense congenital lesion in infundibular recess (3 × 2 mm) – ectopic posterior pituitary
Figure 2
Figure 2
Causes of pituitary stalk thickening in children

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