Exploration of Multiverse Activities of Endocannabinoids in Biological Systems

Abstract

Over the last 25 years, the human endocannabinoid system (ECS) has come into the limelight as an imperative neuro-modulatory system. It is mainly comprised of endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid), cannabinoid receptors and the associated enzymes accountable for its synthesis and deterioration. The ECS plays a proven role in the management of several neurological, cardiovascular, immunological, and other relevant chronic conditions. Endocannabinoid or endogenous cannabinoid are endogenous lipid molecules which connect with cannabinoid receptors and impose a fashionable impact on the behavior and physiological processes of the individual. Arachidonoyl ethanolamide or Anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol or 2-AG were the endocannabinoid molecules that were first characterized and discovered. The presence of lipid membranes in the precursor molecules is the characteristic feature of endocannabinoids. The endocannabinoids are released upon rapid enzymatic reactions into the extracellular space via activation through G-protein coupled receptors, which is contradictory to other neurotransmitter that are synthesized beforehand, and stock up into the synaptic vesicles. The current review highlights the functioning, synthesis, and degradation of endocannabinoid, and explains its functioning in biological systems.

Keywords: cardiovascular; endocannabinoid; gastrointestinal; immunological; neurotransmitter; receptor.

Figure 1

The figure presents a general overview on the synthesis, release, uptake, and degradation of endocannabinoid Anandamide. NAPE is a precursor of lipid, which is the source of release of anandamide upon activation of phospholipase D and further stimulation of GPCR. NAT is a catalytic enzyme which hastens the biosynthesis of NAPE upon release of cAMP and calcium ions. Upon activation of cannabinoid receptors at presynaptic sites, they are released into synapse and further initiate the release of several neurotransmitters which control and modulate various physiological functions in the body. The excitation of neurons is also regulated upon nodulation of the potassium channel, and regulates the release of protein kinases. The action of anandamide is terminated by its cellular uptake via anandamide transporter or its degradation upon activity of FAAH enzyme.

Figure 2

The figure describes a collective overview on physiological roles attained by endocannabinoids in the management of gastrointestinal complications.

Figure 3

The figure describes the protective role of Endocannabinoids in management of cardiovascular disorders.

Figure 4

The figure concisely presents the role of endocannabinoids in growth, proliferation, activity and functions of different types of inflammatory cells in the immune system.

Figure 5

A general overview of the beneficial roles presented by endocannabinoids in brain.