Enhanced Toxicity of Bisphenols Together with UV Filters in Water: Identification of Synergy and Antagonism in Three-Component Mixtures

Abstract

Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) localize in the biome in variable combinations of complex mixtures that are often environmentally persistent, bioaccumulate and biomagnify, prompting a need for extensive monitoring. Many cosmetics include UV filters that are listed as CECs, such as benzophenone derivatives (oxybenzone, OXYB), cinnamates (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, EMC) and camphor derivatives (4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, 4MBC). Furthermore, in numerous water sources, these UV filters have been detected together with Bisphenols (BPs), which are commonly used in plastics and can be physiologically detrimental. We utilized bioluminescent bacteria (Microtox assay) to monitor these CEC mixtures at environmentally relevant doses, and performed the first systematic study involving three sunscreen components (OXYB, 4MBC and EMC) and three BPs (BPA, BPS or BPF). Moreover, a breast cell line and cell viability assay were employed to determine the possible effect of these mixtures on human cells. Toxicity modeling, with concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) approaches, was performed, followed by data interpretation using Model Deviation Ratio (MDR) evaluation. The results show that UV filter sunscreen constituents and BPs interact at environmentally relevant concentrations. Of notable interest, mixtures containing any pair of three BPs (e.g., BPA + BPS, BPA + BPF and BPS + BPF), together with one sunscreen component (OXYB, 4MBC or EMC), showed strong synergy or overadditive effects. On the other hand, mixtures containing two UV filters (any pair of OXYB, 4MBC and EMC) and one BP (BPA, BPS or BPF) had a strong propensity towards concentration dependent underestimation. The three-component mixtures of UV filters (4MBC, EMC and OXYB) acted in an antagonistic manner toward each other, which was confirmed using a human cell line model. This study is one of the most comprehensive involving sunscreen constituents and BPs in complex mixtures, and provides new insights into potentially important interactions between these compounds.

Keywords: acute toxicity; bisphenol A; bisphenol A analogues; environmental pollution; sunscreens; toxicity of mixtures.

Figure 1

MDR values of Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescent bacteria results for: (A) CA modeling of the BPA, OXYB and BPS mixture, (B) CA modeling of the BPA, OXYB and BPF mixture, (C) CA modeling of the BPA, 4MBC and BPS mixture, (D) CA modeling of the BPA, 4MBC and BPF mixture, (E) CA modeling of the BPA, EMC and BPS mixture, (F) CA modeling of the BPA, EMC and BPF mixture (n = 2). Red color indicates confirmed synergy, blue indicates antagonism, while yellow and green refer to under- and overestimation, respectively.

Figure 2

MDR values for IA modeling of the 4MBC, OXYB and EMC mixture of bioluminescent bacteria results (n = 2). Red color indicates confirmed synergy, blue indicates antagonism, while yellow and green refer to under- and overestimation, respectively.