Response of Growth, Yield, and Phytochemical Behavior of Jojoba Genotypes to Azolla filiculoides Plant Extract

Abstract

A unique storage lipid wax found in jojoba seeds can be employed as a chemical feedstock. Alternative safe and natural sources of plant nutrients are constantly sought to preserve both human health and the environment. As a result, EAI1, EAI2, and EAI3 jojoba genotypes' growth, yield, and phytochemical behavior in response to Azolla extract at concentrations of 0, 10, and 30% were studied. Maximum productivity was found with EAI1, followed by EAI3 then EAI2 across all Azolla extracts. In relation to the Azolla extract concentrations in the two seasons, the concentration of 30% delivered the most pronounced results across all the studied genotypes. During the two seasons, administration of a combined treatment of the EAI1 jojoba genotype with 30% Azolla extract produced the highest mean values of growth, flowering, and fruiting, as well as chemical composition parameters. This means that the treatment of EAI1 genotype with 30% Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract yielded the highest significant seed yield (3748 and 3839 kg ha^-1) and oil yield per hectare (1910 and 2002 L ha^-1). The combination treatment of the EAI1 jojoba genotype with 10% Azolla extract yielded the highest proportion of gadoleic fatty acid (49.83%).

Keywords: Azolla extract; fatty acids; gadoleic acid; growth; jojoba genotypes; yield.

Figure 1

In both seasons, the mean values of main branch length (cm), secondary branch length (cm), and the number of branched nodes of jojoba shrubs were modified by plant genotypes and foliar application of Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract respectively. The data are expressed as a mean value ± SE. At the 0.05 level, bars with identical letters are not significant.

Figure 2

In both seasons, the mean values of the number of secondary branches, full bloom date (day), and flowering percentage (%) of jojoba shrubs were modified by plant genotypes and foliar application of Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract respectively. The data are expressed as a mean value ± SE. At the 0.05 level, bars with identical letters are not significant.

Figure 3

In both seasons, the mean values of final fruit set (%), seed yield (g plant⁻¹), and seed yield (kg ha⁻¹) of jojoba shrubs were modified by plant genotypes and foliar application of Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract respectively. The data are expressed as a mean value fruit set (%), seed yield (g) planting and fruit set parameters in both seasons. At the 0.05 level, bars with identical letters are not significant.

Figure 4

In both seasons, the mean values of minerals (%), proteins (%), and carbohydrates (%) of jojoba shrubs were modified by plant genotypes and foliar application of Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract respectively. The data are expressed as a mean value ± SE. At the 0.05 level, bars with identical letters are not significant.

Figure 5

In both seasons, the mean values of oil percent (%), oil content (mL plant⁻¹), and oil yield (L ha⁻¹) of jojoba shrubs were modified by plant genotypes and foliar application of Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract respectively. The data are expressed as a mean value ± SE. At the 0.05 level, bars with identical letters are not significant.

Figure 6

In both seasons, the mean values of chlorophyll a and b (mg g−1 FW) of jojoba shrubs were modified by plant genotypes and foliar application of Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract respectively. The data are expressed as a mean value ± SE. at the 0.05 level, bars with identical letters are not significant.

Figure 7

In both seasons, the mean values of nitrogen (%), phosphorus (%), and potassium percentage (%) of jojoba shrubs were modified by plant genotypes and foliar application of Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract respectively. The data are expressed as a mean value ± SE. at the 0.05 level, bars with identical letters are not significant.