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. 2022 Apr 19;10(5):634.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines10050634.

COVID-19 Infection among Elite Football Players: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study

Dimitrios Papagiannis  1 , Theodoros Laios  2 , Konstantinos Tryposkiadis  3 , Konstantinos Kouriotis  2 , Xenophon Roussis  2 , Georgios Basdekis  2 , Panagiotis Boudouris  2 , Christos Cholevas  2 , Stergios Karakitsios  2 , Pindaros Kakavas  2 , Theoharis Kiriakidis  2 , Panagiotis Kouloumentas  2 , Georgios Kouvidis  2 , Grigoris Manoudis  2 , Pantelis Nikolaou  2 , Christos Theos  2 , Andreas-Nikolaos Piskopakis  2 , Ioannis Rallis  2 , Stavros Ristanis  2 , Alexandros Toliopoulos  2 , Grigoris Zisis  2 , Yiannis Theodorakis  4 , Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis  5 , Georgios Rachiotis  6
Affiliations

COVID-19 Infection among Elite Football Players: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study

Dimitrios Papagiannis et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Little is known about the risk of COVID-19 infection among footballers. We aimed to investigate the incidence and characteristics of COVID-19 infection among footballers. In total, 480 football players of Super League Greece and 420 staff members participated in a prospective cohort study, which took place from May 2020 to May 2021. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from footballers and staff members weekly. All samples (n = 43,975) collected were tested using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for the detection of “SARS-CoV-2”. In total, 190 positive cases (130 among professional football players and 60 among staff) were recorded. Out of the 190 cases that turned positive, 64 (34%) cases were considered as symptomatic, and 126 (66%) cases were asymptomatic. The incidence rate of a positive test result for footballers was 0.57% (confidence interval (CI) 0.48−0.68%) and for staff members it was 0.27% (CI 0.20%, 0.34%), respectively. Footballers recorded a twofold increased risk of COVID-19 infection in comparison to staff members (relative risk = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.59−2.93; p-value < 0.001). No significant transmission events were observed during the follow-up period. We found a low incidence of COVID-19 infection among professional footballers over a long follow-up period. Furthermore, the implementation of a weekly diagnostic testing (RT-PCR) was critical to break the transmission chain of COVID-19, especially among asymptomatic football players and staff members.

Keywords: COVID-19; incidence; professional footballers; relative risk; transmission.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Weekly confirmed cases in athletes and staff in Super League Greece.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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