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Review
. 2022 May 7;14(5):987.
doi: 10.3390/v14050987.

An Overview of Neglected Orthobunyaviruses in Brazil

Helver Gonçalves Dias  1 , Flávia Barreto Dos Santos  1 , Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa  2
Affiliations
Review

An Overview of Neglected Orthobunyaviruses in Brazil

Helver Gonçalves Dias et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Dozens of orthobunyaviruses have been isolated in Brazil, and at least thirteen have been associated with human disease. The Oropouche virus has received most attention for having caused explosive epidemics with hundreds of thousands of cases in the north region between the 1960sand the 1980s, and since then has been sporadically detected elsewhere in the country. Despite their importance, little is known about their enzootic cycles of transmission, amplifying hosts and vectors, and biotic and abiotic factors involved in spillover events to humans. This overview aims to combine available data of neglected orthobunyaviruses of several serogroups, namely, Anopheles A, Anopheles B, Bunyamwera, California, Capim, Gamboa, Group C, Guama, Simbu and Turlock, in order to evaluate the current knowledge and identify research gaps in their natural transmission cycles in Brazil to ultimately point to the future direction in which orthobunyavirus research should be guided.

Keywords: Brazil; arbovirus ecology; orthobunyaviruses; transmission cycles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Network of orthobunyaviruses isolated in Brazil by serogroups, hosts and vectors. Lines and their thickness represent number of hosts shared between viruses. Each green dot (left side) represents vector genera; the black dots (right side) represent vertebrate host groups; in the center of the network, represented by orange dots, are the orthobunyavirus serogroups related to both vectors and vertebrate hosts. A presence/absence matrix was built to show the distribution of the viruses according to the vectors and vertebrate hosts associated with them. Network analyses and visualization were performed on the platform Gephi (https://gephi.org; acessed on 1 August 2021), using the force-directed algorithm ForceAtlas2, followed by local rearrangement for visual clarity, leaving the network’s overall layout unperturbed. Tribe Sabethini includes 435 currently recognized species that comprise 14 genera. Older studies found great difficulty in characterizing Sabethini adults based on morphometric patterns. The data used to include interactions with the tribe Sabethini refer only to this taxonomic level, since there was no more precise information about the genus or even the species.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Map of Brazil showing states where orthobuniaviruses of several serogroups have been reported.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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